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Royal Jordanian Air Force

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Royal Jordanian Air Force
  • سلاح الجو الملكي الأردني
  • Silāḥ ul-Jawu al-Malakī 'al-Urdunī
Royal Jordanian Air Force badge
Founded25 September 1955; 69 years ago (1955-09-25)
Country Jordan
TypeAir force
RoleAerial warfare
Size14,000 active personnel[1]
Part ofJordanian Armed Forces
HeadquartersAmman
Equipment231 aircraft
Commanders
Current
commander		Brigade General Mohammad Hyasat[2]
Insignia
Roundel
Fin flash
Aircraft flown
AttackAir Tractor AT-802
FighterF-16 Fighting Falcon
HelicopterMil Mi-26, Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk
Attack helicopterBell AH-1 Cobra, Boeing AH-6
TrainerGrob G 120TP, Pilatus PC-21
TransportC-130 Hercules, Airbus C-295

The Royal Jordanian Air Force (RJAF; Arabic: سلاح الجو الملكي الأردني, romanized: Silāḥ ul-Jawu al-Malakī 'al-Urdunī) is the aerial warfare branch of the Jordanian Armed Forces. The current commander of the RJAF is Brigadier General Mohammad Hyasat.

History

[edit]

Early days

[edit]
A de Havilland Vampire FB.6 illustrating the markings of the Royal Jordanian Air Force

Jordan gained independence in 1946, but its first air bases had been set up in 1931 by the Royal Air Force. By 1948, Jordan began to develop a small air arm which came to be known as the Arab Legion Air Force (ALAF). The Royal Air Force assisted in training this small air arm and provided equipment. The ALAF's primary fighter was the de Havilland Vampire, and a Vickers VC.1 Viking was operated as a VIP aircraft for use by the King of Jordan. By 1955 King Hussein realized the need for Jordan to have a more modern air force, and on 25 September 1955 the RJAF was established. By 1958 the Royal Air Force had left Jordan and the RJAF had taken control of the airfields in the country.[3]

1960s

[edit]

By 1964, the RJAF had acquired Hawker Hunters for air defence.[4] In December 1964, a dogfight took place over the West Bank between four Mirage fighters of the Israeli Air Force and four RJAF Hunters. Two Mirages were downed and another damaged, without loss to the Hunters.[4][5] In 1967, in the Six-Day War, the IAF relentlessly attacked Jordan's Air Force and air bases. The RJAF lost its entire strength of 28 aircraft.[6] Israel won all engagements over Israeli territory.[7][8]

1970s

[edit]
Hunter F.58 of the Royal Jordanian Air Force

In the 1970s the RJAF was modernised. Lockheed F-104 Starfighters were acquired from the United States following heavy losses in the Six-Day War.[9] However, the Starfighter proved superfluous and several were given to the Pakistan Air Force with the last unit withdrawn from service in 1977 leaving a fighter gap that would not be filled until the arrival of the Dassault Mirage F1 in 1981. The RJAF also acquired Northrop F-5 Tigers via Iran during the reign of the Shah who procured them from the United States. Cessna T-37 Tweets were also acquired for the training role. In 1975, the RJAF gave its fleet of 31 Hawker Hunters to the Sultan of Oman's Air Force, having failed in their efforts to sell them to Rhodesia or Honduras. The Hunters were delivered to SOAF Thumrait between May and June 1975.[10]

1980s

[edit]

Following peace between Egypt and Israel in 1979, the RJAF began to modernize its fleet once again. The first part of this program was the procurement of the Dassault Mirage F1 which became the RJAF's frontline fighter supported by generous aid from wealthy oil-rich Arab states. The Mirage F1 was selected over the General Dynamics F-16/79 (an F-16A powered by the GE J79 turbojet series as opposed to the Pratt & Whitney F100, which had 25% more power in afterburn)[11] while also acquiring the Northrop F-5 to complement the Mirage F1CJ/EJ in the process.

In the 1980s, the RJAF supported Iraq during its war against Iran, committing its aircraft for combat training alongside Iraqi aircraft squadrons with one joint aircraft squadron.[6] It remains unknown whether RJAF pilots took part in combat with Iran, although this seems unlikely. During the 1991 Gulf War, Jordan declared political support for Iraq, but the RJAF was never committed to combat in that war. The RJAF provided instruction for Iraqi pilots who also operated the similar Mirage F1.

Some six Lockheed C-130H Hercules entered RJAF service and remain critical in supporting Jordan's peacekeeping efforts. In 1987 the RJAF received CASA C-101s to replace the T-37 in the training role.

1991 Persian Gulf War and the 1990s

[edit]

Due to the economic ties between Jordan and Iraq, the fallout of Iraq meant that the RJAF was impacted upon but contrary to some reports, it did not lose its operational tempo and was not forced to cannibalize aircraft for shortages of spare parts. Despite this, the RJAF had to rationalise its existing resources due to a temporary downfall in spare parts and supplies. However, economic difficulties forced the RJAF to seek upgrades rather than the purchase of new equipment originally planned.[6]

Modernization schemes continued with seven F-5Es sold to Singapore and some funding used to upgrade most of the remaining others with the AN/APG-67 radar (found on the aborted Northrop F-20 Tigershark, once an aircraft under evaluation by the RJAF), modern fire control systems, and within visual range (WVR) AAMs, thus putting the F-5 on par with more modern aircraft in terms of electronics. Despite this, the F-5s lacked a BVR combat capability.

Modern era

[edit]
Jordanian F-16s

Two light Airbus C-295s were procured after the Gulf War and procurement is likely to continue of the type. The RJAF also received small numbers of the Antonov An-32 from Ukraine for STOL operations for Royal Special Forces, although the status of the Jordanian An-32s is uncertain. One Lockheed C-130 Hercules was received in March 1997. In 2006, two Ilyushin Il-76MF freighters were purchased from Russia. In 2011, RJAF announced the intention to turn 2 of the CASA/IPTN CN-235 transport aircraft into small aerial gunships.[12] Collaborators in the project included the King Abdullah II Design and Development Bureau of Jordan, and the U.S. defense company Orbital ATK.[13] These same partners, together with Airbus Defence and Space have also developed a gunship version of the EADS CASA C-295.[14]

The Jordanian Special Operations Aviation Brigade has been using Sikorsky UH-60L Blackhawk and MD Helicopters MD-530F helicopters for special operations and border security. Two squadrons of ex-US Army AH-1F Cobra gunships were delivered in the late 1990s/early 2000s. Some have been sold to Pakistan and plans are in place to replace the AH-1Fs by the new AH-6I attack helicopters. After signing the MDAP, 18 surplus Bell UH-1H helicopters were delivered in 1994, followed by another 18 in 1996. Two C-130B Hercules transport aircraft and 16 UH-1H helicopters have been delivered to the Iraqi Air Force. Three C-130E will be received from the US in exchange. Currently two squadrons of UH-1Hs and one of AS332 Super Pumas support Army operations.[citation needed]

Between November 2015[15] and 3 March 2016, 8 UH-60A Black Hawks were delivered to Jordan from the United States under a no-cost lease arrangement. The delivery of 8 newly built UH-60M Black Hawks was completed in 2017 as part of a United States grant totaling US$200 million, with Sikorsky being contracted to the U.S. Army to build them.[15][16]

Jordan assists the Air forces in the Middle East, training Bahraini pilots and assisting Iraq. There is also a close cooperation with the USAF. The current commander of the Royal Jordan Air Force is Brigade General Mohammad Hyasat.[2]

Operations in Syria 2014–2015

[edit]
Jordanian F-5 Tiger II aircraft

On the morning of 16 April 2014, Jordanian air force fighter jets destroyed an undetermined number of vehicles trying to enter into Jordan by crossing the border from war-torn Syria during the Syrian Civil War.[17]

On 23 September 2014, Jordanian air force aircraft joined in US-led air strikes against terrorist targets in Syria that later became known as Operation Inherent Resolve.

On 24 December 2014, an RJAF F-16 crashed near Raqqa, Syria, and its pilot, Flight Lieutenant Moaz Youssef al-Kasasbeh, was captured by ISIS militants.[18] On 30 December 2014, a member of the Jordanian parliament, Rula al-Hroob, told America's National Public Radio that the RJAF had suspended military operations over Syria in order to help secure al-Kasasbeh's release. An attempt by US special operations to rescue al-Kasasbeh from Raqqa on 1 January 2015 failed when their helicopters were driven off by heavy enemy fire.

Following unsuccessful negotiations about a prisoner exchange, on 3 February 2015 it was reported that ISIS had murdered al-Kasasbeh by burning him alive, something that was done in early January but not revealed.[19]

On 5 February 2015, the RJAF resumed operations against ISIS targets. The whole daily target list was handed over to 20 Jordanian F-16s.[20][21]

In February 2015 the US resupplied Jordan with munitions to be used in airstrikes against ISIS, including JDAM precision bombs. In the summer of 2015 Israel transferred 16 Bell AH-1E/F Cobras (4–6 to be used as spares) to be used by RJAF in the "border patrol" role, this is counter-insurgency role and in operations against terrorist State forces.[22]

On 7 November 2015, The New York Times claimed that the RJAF had quietly suspended operations against targets in Syria, the last attack being in August, and instead diverted its aircraft to support Saudi-led operations against Houthi rebels in Yemen.[23] This claim was contested by the Jordanian embassy in Washington, which told the paper that Jordan continued to conduct airstrikes on terrorist State targets.

Assisting US Airstrikes

In February 2024, after the Tower 22 drone attack, Jordanian F-16s reportedly took part in strikes against Iranian assets in conjunction with the United States.[24]

Mission

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Protect And Defend Sovereignty And The Integrity Of The Hashemite Kingdom Of Jordan.

  • Precision Engagement
The essence lies in the ability to apply selective force against specific targets because the nature and variety of future contingencies demand both precise and reliable use of military power with minimal risk and collateral damage.
  • Information Superiority
The ability of joint force commanders to keep pace with information and incorporate it into a campaign plan is crucial.
  • Agile Combat Support
Deployment and sustainment are keys to successful operations and cannot be separated. Agile combat support applies to all forces, from those permanently based to contingency buildups to expeditionary forces.
  • Core Values
The Air Force bases these core competencies and distinctive capabilities on a shared commitment to three values: Integrity first, Service before self, and Excellence in all we do.
  • The Secondary Tasks
    • To support Land Forces in any armed conflict with any external power.
    • To support security forces in their tasks of maintaining internal security, anti smuggling operations and border security operations.
  • Additional Tasks
    • Air lift operations.
    • Search and rescue.
    • Medical evacuation.
    • Relief operations.
    • Evacuation of citizens from areas of conflict.

Despite the limited funds and resources, Jordan has become actively involved in peace keeping operations, In 1994 the Jordanian Air Force participated in the airlifting operations to support the Jordanian troops serving with the United Nations in maintaining and preserving peace and resolving local disputes.

RJAF achieved more than 200 flying hours in support of the Jordanian Armed Forces participating in peace keeping operations in four continents.[25]

Organization

[edit]

The Royal Jordanian Air Force has a strength of 14,000 active personnel.[1] It contains six major airbases in addition to nineteen air squadrons, fourteen I-Hawk Batteries, and two training schools (a fighter aviation training school and a school of air combat). The Royal Jordanian Air Force Headquarters is at King Abdullah I Airbase in Amman.

Base Squadron Aircraft
King Abdullah I Air Base[26]
Amman Civil Airport
Marka, Amman, Jordan
 3 Squadron C-130H, M28, C-145
7 Squadron AS332M-1, UH-60A, EC-635T1
Royal Squadron UH-60M VIP, AW-139
Air Ambulance Center AW-139
King Abdullah II Air Base[26]
Al Ghabawi, Jordan 		8 Squadron UH-60M
9 Squadron S-100,
10 Squadron AH-1F SES
12 Squadron AH-1F
14 Squadron UH-60A
15 Squadron Ce208B-ISR
25 Squadron AT-802U, AT-802i Block 1B
28 Squadron MD530FF
30 Squadron UH-60L
Zarqa Air Base[26]
Sahel Nassab, Zarqa, Jordan 		9 Squadron CH4B (withdrawn from use)
26 Squadron Mi-26T2
King Hussein Air Base[26]
Mafraq, Jordan 		4 Squadron G120TP
5 Squadron R44-II
11 Squadron PC-21
Flight Instructor School G120TP
Muwaffaq Salti Air Base[26]
Azraq, Zarqa, Jordan 		1 Squadron F-16AM/BM
2 Squadron (OCU) F-16AM/BM
6 Squadron F-16AM/BM
Prince Hassan Air Base[26] 17 Squadron Hawk Mk 63 (withdrawn from use)
Rweished Air Base[26] 10/12 Squadron (det.) AH-1F
15 Squadron (det.) Cessna 208B-ISR

Squadrons

[edit]
  • No. 1 Squadron RJAF – the Squadron was formed in 1958 with the Hawker Hunter and later equipped with F5s, the Mirage F1, and now the General Dynamics/Lockheed F-16.[26] It has been based in Amman, Mafraq and now Azraq, with short periods at H5, and Habbaniya (Iraq).[27]
  • No. 2 Squadron RJAF – was first formed in 1958 with de Havilland Vampires then with Hunters and later in 1974 with F5As and Bs as an advanced training squadron at King Hussein Air Base, Mafraq. It subsequently flew from Amman and Mafraq as a fighter squadron, then flew again from Mafraq, renamed in 1978 as the King Hussein Air College, with the CASA C-101 as the advanced jet trainer.[28] It is now at MSAB equipped with the F-16.[26]
  • No. 3 Squadron RJAF – was formed in 1959 and was a mixture of fixed-wing and helicopter until February 1973 when a helicopter squadron was formed. Its aircraft have included the de Havilland Dove; Heron; Ambassador; C47; C119; Brittan Norman Islander; CASA 212 and 235, with a helicopter flight of Westland Whirlwind; Widgeon; Scout and Alouette III. The Squadron belongs to the Air Lift Wing and is based at KAAB, Amman (Amman Civil Airport).[29] It is now equipped with the Lockheed C-130 Hercules and CASA 295.[26]

Royal Jordanian Air Defence

[edit]
  • Royal Jordanian air defense is part of the Royal Jordanian Air Force is equipped with Surface-to-Air missiles and Anti-Aircraft guns and Radar stations, as well as modern Electronic Warfare center and electronic countermeasure which is linked to command and control (C2) centers.
  • Jordan provided with an integrated, real-time air picture across multiple command centers and many remote sites to better protect the country's airspace. The system, known as Omnyx™, will combine sensor, voice and data communications to provide interoperability throughout the Royal Jordanian Air Force and other elements of Jordan's armed forces. With input from radars and other data links, the system will assist in detecting incoming air traffic and also provide the capabilities needed for airspace management, air sovereignty and air defense missions.[30]
  • RJAF C2 and EW Capability
    • Omnyx™ System enabling Jordanian Air Force to track and identify aircraft, evaluate any threats, initiate or monitor airborne engagements and enhance situational awareness of Jordanian airspace at all times.[30][31]
    • Jordan have a C4ISR subsystem capable of serving multiple internal services and agencies within Jordan and An Air Defense subsystem capable of early warning of air attack and real-time Command and Control (C2) of national air defense forces.[32][33][34][35]
    • RADIANT C4I National EW network, connecting regional control centers, ground radars and AD assets.
    • Jordan has the ability to detect cruise missiles, aircraft and unmanned drones at long distances through the project linking five U.S. 3D radars (1 FPS-117, 4 TPS-77), QAIA Radar and Gap-filler radars with ADSI (Air Defence System Integrator),[36] Airbases and all Fire Units to build air defence umbrella (IADS).
  • Air Surveillance Radars
    • 1 AN/FPS-117 3D Radar [37]
    • 4 AN/TPS-77 3D Radar
    • 5 AN/TPS-63 Tactical 2D Radar
    • 5 Marconi S711 Radar (Upgraded by AMS UK in 2005)
    • Gap-filler & Border Surveillance radars
  • Medium & Long Range Air Defence
    • 24 MIM-23B Phase III I-Hawk[38] (upgraded in 2016)[citation needed]
      • In the period from 2004 to 2012 the components of 8 Hawk Phase III batteries were acquired gradually and some old Hawk batteries were modernized to Phase III,[39] Jordan received more than 400 MEI-23E missiles in 2014 and 2016.[citation needed]

Equipment

[edit]

Current inventory

[edit]
An F-16 flying an air refueling mission
Jordanian Bell AH-1 Cobra
A C-130 Hercules fly over at the 2004 RIAT
Aircraft Origin Type Variant In service Notes
Combat aircraft
F-16 Fighting Falcon United States multirole F-16A MLU 43[40] Backbone of RJAF; upgraded with MLU[41] for improved avionics, radar, and compatibility with modern weaponry.[42] Some equipped with Glass V Paint. [43]
F-16B MLU 18[40] Dual-seat variant, also upgraded to MLU standard[44]; used for both operational missions and training. Some equipped with Glass V Paint. [45]
F-16 Block 70 12 (on order)[46] Pending delivery by 2027;[47] will feature advanced AESA radar and upgraded avionics.[48]
Special Mission
Cessna 208 United States ISR / ELINT 4[40]
Air Tractor AT-802 United States ISR 6[40]
Air Tractor AT-802 United States water bomber AT-802F 4[49]
Transport
CASA C-295 Spain transport 1[40]
Ilyushin Il-76 Russia tactical airlifter 1[40]
Cessna 208 United States light transport 2[40] being upgraded to ISR variant[50]
C-130 Hercules United States tactical airlifter C-130E/H 7[40]
PZL M28 Skytruck Poland utility / transport 2[40] 1 used for electronic warfare
Helicopters
Bell AH-1 United States attack AH-1E/F 43[40]
Boeing AH-6 United States light attack AH-6I 0[40] 24 on order[40]
Bell UH-1 United States utility UH-1H 36[40]
Sikorsky UH-60 United States SAR / COIN UH-60L/M/70i 31[40]
Eurocopter EC635 France light utility 7[40]
Eurocopter AS332 France utility / transport 10[40]
Mil Mi-26 Russia heavy lift Mi-26T2 4[40]
Trainer aircraft
Bell 505 United States rotorcraft trainer 5 5 on order[40]
T67 Firefly United Kingdom basic trainer 2[40]
Pilatus PC-21 Switzerland advanced trainer 12[40]
Grob G 120TP Germany basic trainer 12[40] 1 crashed in February 2024.[51]
Eurocopter AS350 France rotorcraft trainer 2[40]
Robinson R44 United States rotorcraft trainer 12[40]

Retired aircraft

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Previous notable aircraft operated were de Havilland Dove, F-104 Starfighter, Dassault Mirage F1, Cessna T-37, Boeing 727, Gulfstream III, An-12 Cub, Bulldog 125, CASA C-235, Alouette III, Aérospatiale Gazelle and the Sikorsky S-76[52][53][54]

Future developments

[edit]

The Royal Jordanian Air Force has received new aircraft, and other types of use have been withdrawn and put up for sale. On 24 July 2019, The Royal Jordanian Air Force Commander, Major General Yousef Huneiti, was appointed to a senior position as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the Jordanian Armed Forces. The current Commander of the Royal Jordanian Air Force is brigadier general. Pilot Zaid Al-Najrish, who aims to continue in the footsteps of his predecessor in terms of more professionalism in the Royal Jordanian Air Force.

On the 3rd of March 2020, It was announced that instead of upgrading, Royal Jordanian Air Force is now looking to buy the latest F-16 Block 70/72 model to replace its current fleet of older F-16s. As early as September 2017, the Royal Jordanian Air Force was working with the U.S. Air Force Air Force Life Cycle Management Center (AFLCMC), based at Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, to begin the Viper Block-70 operational upgrade program. This study is still under way, but it is unclear whether, and when, it will apply where necessary congressional approvals are needed to sell these possibilities to Jordan.[55]

It was announced on the 28th of July 2021, that F-16 MLU fighter levels 5 and 6.5, which is approximately equivalent to F-16C/D Block 50/52 and F-16C/D Block 50/52 + the except of the radar armed with GBU, JDAM bombs, AAM and ASM missiles, and targeting and reconnaissance pods, a video was released by the Ministry of Defense showing Jordanian pilots training in the newly upgraded F-16s.[56][57]

With addition to the latest upgrade of F-16 fighters to MLU level, it was announced on 14 November 2021, that the latest F-16 MLU 6.5 were upgraded with fighter aircraft painted with radar-absorbent paint GLASS V PAINT.[58][59]

On the 3rd of February 2022, The State Department has made a determination approving a possible Foreign Military Sale to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan of F-16 C/D Block 70 aircraft and related equipment for an estimated cost of $4.21 billion. The Defense Security Cooperation Agency delivered the required certification notifying Congress of this possible sale that day.[60][61][62] It is believed that Jordan aims to acquire 12 C models, and four D models, as well as 21 F100 engines (providing five spare engines) and associated weapon and system packages.[63]

Personnel

[edit]

Commanders

[edit]
US General Martin E. Dempsey (left) with Major General Malek Al-Habashneh, the chief of the RJAF in 2013.

The Royal Jordanian Air Force is headed by the Commander. The chiefs of the RJAF are as follows:[64]

  1. 1956–1962 Major (Colonel) Ibrahim Osman
  2. 1962 Major Jereis Musharbash
  3. 1962 Major Sahal Hamzeh
  4. 1962–1970 Major (Major-General) Saleh El Kurdi
  5. 1971–1973 Brigadier Walid Sharafuddin
  6. 1973–1976 Brigadier Abboud Salem Hassan
  7. 1976–1980 Major (Major-General) Saleh El Kurdi
  8. 1980–1982 Brigadier (Major-General) Tayseer Zarour
  9. 1983–1993 Brigadier (Lieutenant-General) Ihsan Shurdom
  10. 1993–1994 Brigadier (Major-General) Awni Bilal
  11. 1994–1995 Brigadier (Major-General) Mohammed El Qudah
  12. 1995–1999 Brigadier (Major-General) Mohammed Khair Ababneh
  13. 1999–2002 Brigadier (Major-General) So'oud Nuseirat
  14. 2002–2004 Brigadier (Major-General) His Royal Highness Prince Faisal bin Hussein
  15. 2004–2006 Brigadier (Major-General) Hussein Al Biss
  16. 2006–2010 Brigadier (Major-General) Hussein Shodash
  17. 2010–2013 Brigadier (Major-General) Malek Al-Habashneh
  18. 2013–2016 Brigadier (Major-General) Mansour Al-Jbour
  19. 2016–2019 Brigadier (Major-General) Yousef Huneiti
  20. 2019–2021 Brigadier (Major-General) Zaid Naqrash
  21. 2021–Present Brigadier (Major-General) Mohammad Hyasat

Notable persons

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See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b International Institute for Strategic Studies (15 February 2023). The Military Balance 2023. London: Routledge. p. 335. ISBN 9781032508955.
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  3. ^ Yitzhak, Ronen (2004). "The Formation and Development of the Jordanian Air Force: 1948–1967". Middle Eastern Studies. 40 (5): 158–174. doi:10.1080/0026320042000265701. S2CID 145457986.
  4. ^ a b Pike 2014, Ch. 13.
  5. ^ "Where falcons dare: Hamid Anwar (1934-2015)". The Friday Times. 3 July 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  6. ^ a b c Spencer C. Tucker, ed. (2014). Persian Gulf War Encyclopedia: A Political, Social, and Military History: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 195. ISBN 9781610694162.
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  8. ^ Simon Dunstan (2012). The Six Day War 1967: Sinai. Osprey Publishing Limited. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-78200-241-3.
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  28. ^ rjaf.mil.jo
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  39. ^ "results".
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  49. ^ de Bruijn, Stephan (6 June 2023). "Jordan welcomes another Air Tractor AT-802". Key Publishing. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
  50. ^ Jennings, Gareth (11 November 2022). "IOMAX to fit ISR system to new Jordanian Grand Caravans". Jane's. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
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  54. ^ "أعلان بيع طائرات".
  55. ^ "RJAF is now looking to buy the latest F-16V Block 70/72 model to replace its current fleet of older F-16s". www.udefense.info. March 2020.
  56. ^ نشّاب | Nashab 🇯🇴 [@Nashab_32] (28 July 2021). "#سلاح_الجو_الملكي_الأردني 🇯🇴 المقاتلة أمريكية الصنع F-16 MLU من @LockheedMartin من المستويين 5 و 6.5 أي ما يوازي تقريبا Block 50/52 و +Block 50/52 بإستثناء الرادار تتسلح بقنابل GBU, JDAM وصواريخ AAM و AGM وبودات تهديف واستطلاع تمرين #عرين_الأسود #RJAF #Royal_Jordanian_Air_Force https://t.co/X3VpBbedB1" [#RoyalJordanian_Air Force 🇯🇴 The American-made F-16 MLU fighter from @LockheedMartin of levels 5 and 6.5, which is approximately equivalent to Block 50/52 and Block 50/52 +, except for the radar. It is armed with GBU, JDAM, AAM and AGM missiles, and targeting and reconnaissance pods. #RJAF #Royal_Jordanian_Air_Force] (Tweet) (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 6 August 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2022 – via Twitter.
  57. ^ "Jordan – F-16 Air Combat Training Center | Defense Security Cooperation Agency".
  58. ^ نشّاب | Nashab 🇯🇴 [@Nashab_32] (14 November 2021). "Image of a Royal Jordanian Air Force 🇯🇴 F-16 MLU 6.5 (161) fighter aircraft painted with radar-absorbent paint GLASS V PAINT Photo from the Royal Jordanian Air Force Ladies Club's visit to the Martyr Muwaffaq Al Salti MSAB base, the headquarters of Jordan's F-16 fighter jets. https://t.co/vTvppl1exD" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 27 August 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2022 – via Twitter.
  59. ^ نشّاب | Nashab 🇯🇴 [@Nashab_32] (30 January 2022). "Officially shown is the Jordanian 🇯🇴 RJAF F-16 MLU fighter with radar-absorbent paint GLASS V PAINT رسمياً تظهر المقاتلة F-16 MLU من سلاح الجو الملكي الأردني 🇯🇴 المطلية بطلاء الماص لأشعة الرادار GLASS V PAINT https://t.co/Jz0yzQkDmM https://t.co/VneKdmNjMb https://t.co/UQ5o5FV0x8" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 24 August 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2022 – via Twitter.
  60. ^ "Jordan – F-16 C/D Block 70 Aircraft | Defense Security Cooperation Agency". www.dsca.mil. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  61. ^ نشّاب | Nashab 🇯🇴 [@Nashab_32] (3 February 2022). "أبشروا يا النشااااااااااااااااااااااااااااااااااااااااااااامى وأخيراً 😍 إعلان بيع 16 مقاتلة F-16 Block 70/72 الأحدث والأعلى تقنية في العالم لسلاح الجو الملكي الاردني 🇯🇴 بقيمة 4.21 مليار دولار سأفصل سبب إرتفاع الصفقة لاحقاً وهو بسبب وجود المزيد من قطع الغيار والتسليح ضمن الصفقة https://t.co/r3Wc8hzHLr https://t.co/7sTAN3jiTw" [Good tidings, young people, and finally 😍 Announcing the sale of 16 F-16 Block 70/72 fighters, the latest and highest technology in the world, to the Royal Jordanian Air Force 🇯🇴, at a value of $ 4.21 billion. I will detail the reason for the increase in the deal later, which is because there are more spare parts and armament in the deal.] (Tweet) (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 7 February 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2022 – via Twitter.
  62. ^ Political-Military Affairs, US Dept of State [@StateDeptPM] (3 February 2022). ".@StateDept authorizes a proposed Foreign Military Sale #FMS to #Jordan for their purchase of up to 16 F-16 aircraft and related equipment for an estimated cost of up to $4.21 billion. #FMSUpdate – https://t.co/bIhBlKnCaC https://t.co/1qdRyiEPqb" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2022 – via Twitter.
  63. ^ "Biden administration approves $4.2B F-16 sale to Jordan". Defense News. 4 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  64. ^ "RJAF Commanders". www,rjaf.mil.jo. Royal Jordanian Air Force. Archived from the original on 1 June 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
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  • Pike, Richard. The Hunter Boys. UK: Grub Street Publishing, 2014. ISBN 978-1909808034.
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