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Shirley Temple

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Shirley Temple
Young, smiling, dark-haired woman wearing a hat and business attire, with a double strand of pearls around her neck
Temple in 1948
27th United States Ambassador to Czechoslovakia
In office
August 23, 1989 – July 12, 1992
PresidentGeorge H. W. Bush
Preceded byJulian Niemczyk
Succeeded byAdrian A. Basora
18th Chief of Protocol of the United States
In office
July 1, 1976 – January 21, 1977
PresidentGerald Ford
Jimmy Carter
Preceded byHenry E. Catto Jr.
Succeeded byEvan Dobelle
9th United States Ambassador to Ghana
In office
December 6, 1974 – July 13, 1976
PresidentGerald Ford
Preceded byFred L. Hadsel
Succeeded byRobert P. Smith
President of the Commonwealth Club of California
In office
February 1984 – August 1984
Personal details
Born
Shirley Jane Temple

(1928-04-23)April 23, 1928
Santa Monica, California, U.S.
DiedFebruary 10, 2014(2014-02-10) (aged 85)
Woodside, California, U.S.
Resting placeAlta Mesa Memorial Park
Political partyRepublican
Spouses
(m. 1945; div. 1950)
(m. 1950; died 2005)
Children3, including Lori Black
Occupation
  • Actress
  • singer
  • dancer
  • diplomat
Websiteshirleytemple.com
Signature

Shirley Temple Black (born Shirley Jane Temple; April 23, 1928 – February 10, 2014) was an American actress, singer, dancer, and diplomat, who was Hollywood's number-one box-office draw as a child actress from 1934 to 1938. Later, she was named United States Ambassador to Ghana and Czechoslovakia, and also served as Chief of Protocol of the United States.

Temple began her film career in 1931 when she was three years old and was well-known for her performance in Bright Eyes, which was released in 1934. She won a special Juvenile Academy Award in February 1935 for her outstanding contribution as a juvenile performer in motion pictures during 1934 and continued to appear in popular films through the remainder of the 1930s, although her subsequent films became less popular as she grew older.[1] She appeared in her last film, A Kiss for Corliss, in 1949.[2][3]

She began her diplomatic career in 1969, when she was appointed to represent the U.S. at a session of the United Nations General Assembly, where she worked at the U.S. Mission under Ambassador Charles Yost. Later, she was named U.S. Ambassador to Ghana, and also served as the first female U.S. Chief of Protocol. In 1988, she published her autobiography, Child Star.[4] After her biography was published, she served as the U.S. Ambassador to Czechoslovakia (1989–1992).

Temple was the recipient of numerous awards and honors, including the Kennedy Center Honors and a Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award. She is 18th on the American Film Institute's list of the greatest female American screen legends of classic Hollywood cinema.

Early years

[edit]
Temple in Glad Rags to Riches (1933)

Shirley Jane Temple was born on April 23, 1928,[5] at Santa Monica Hospital (now UCLA Santa Monica Medical Center) in Santa Monica, California,[6] the third child of homemaker Gertrude Temple and bank employee George Temple. The family was of Dutch, English, and German ancestry.[7][8] She had two brothers: John and George, Jr.[8][9][10] The family moved to Brentwood, Los Angeles.[11]

Temple's mother encouraged her to develop her singing, dancing, and acting talents.[12][13][14] At about this time, her mother began styling Temple's hair in ringlets.[15]

While at the dance school, Temple was spotted by Charles Lamont, who was a casting director for Educational Pictures. She hid behind a piano while he was in the studio. Lamont liked Temple and invited her to audition. He signed her to a contract in 1932. Educational Pictures launched its Baby Burlesks,[16][17][18][19] 10-minute comedy shorts satirizing recent films and events, using preschool children in every role. In 1933, Temple appeared in Glad Rags to Riches, a parody of the Mae West feature She Done Him Wrong, with Temple as a saloon singer. That same year, she appeared in Kid 'in' Africa as a child imperiled in the jungle and in Runt Page, a pastiche of the previous year's The Front Page. The younger players in the cast recited their lines phonetically.

Temple became the breakout star of this series, and Educational promoted her to 20-minute comedies in the Frolics of Youth series with Frank Coghlan Jr. Temple played Mary Lou Rogers, the baby sister in a contemporary suburban family.[20] Temple and her child costars modeled for breakfast cereals and other products to fund production costs.[21][22] She was lent to Tower Productions for a small role in the studio's first feature film, The Red-Haired Alibi (1932),[23][24] and in 1933 to Universal, Paramount and Warner Bros. Pictures for various parts,[25][26] including an uncredited role in To the Last Man (1933), starring Randolph Scott and Esther Ralston.

Film career

[edit]

After viewing one of Temple's Frolics of Youth films, Fox Film Corporation songwriter Jay Gorney saw her dancing in the theater lobby. Recognizing her from the screen, Gorney arranged a screen test for Temple for the film Stand Up and Cheer! (1934). Temple auditioned on December 7, 1933, and won the part. She was signed to a $150-per-week contract that was guaranteed for two weeks by Fox. The role was a breakthrough performance for Temple. Her charm was evident to Fox executives, and she was ushered into corporate offices almost immediately after finishing "Baby, Take a Bow", a song-and-dance number that she performed with James Dunn.

Roles

[edit]
Temple in 1938

Biographer John Kasson argues:

In almost all of these films, she played the role of emotional healer, mending rifts between erstwhile sweethearts, estranged family members, traditional and modern ways, and warring armies. Characteristically lacking one or both parents, she constituted new families of those most worthy to love and protect her. Producers delighted in contrasting her diminutive stature, sparkling eyes, dimpled smile, and 56 blond curls by casting her opposite strapping leading men, such as Gary Cooper, John Boles, Victor McLaglen, and Randolph Scott. Yet her favorite costar was the great African American tap dancer Bill "Bojangles" Robinson, with whom she appeared in four films, beginning with The Little Colonel (1935), in which they performed the famous staircase dance.[27]

Biographer Anne Edwards wrote about the tone and tenor of Temple's films:

This was mid-Depression, and schemes proliferated for the care of the needy and the regeneration of the fallen. But they all required endless paperwork and demeaning, hours-long queues, at the end of which an exhausted, nettled social worker dealt with each person as a faceless number. Shirley offered a natural solution: to open one's heart.[28]

President Franklin D. Roosevelt praised her performances, saying, "It is a splendid thing that for just 15 cents, an American can go to a movie and look at the smiling face of a baby and forget his troubles."[29]

Finances

[edit]
Publicity photo of Temple and James Dunn in Bright Eyes (1934)

On December 21, 1933, Temple's contract was extended to one year at the same $150 per week (equivalent to $3,531 in 2023) with a seven-year option, and her mother Gertrude was hired at $25 per week (equivalent to $588 in 2023) as her hairdresser and personal coach.[30] Released in May 1934, Stand Up and Cheer! became Shirley's breakthrough film.[31] She performed in a short skit in the film alongside popular Fox star James Dunn, singing and tap dancing. Fox executives rushed her into another film with Dunn, Baby Take a Bow (named after their song in Stand Up and Cheer!). Temple's third film, also with Dunn, was Bright Eyes (1934), a movie written especially for her.[32]

After the success of her first three films, Temple's parents realized that she was not being paid sufficiently. Her image also began to appear on numerous commercial products without her legal authorization and without compensation. To regain control over the use of her image and to negotiate with Fox, Temple's parents hired lawyer Lloyd Wright to represent them. On July 18, 1934, Temple's contractual salary was raised to $1,000 per week (equivalent to $22,776 in 2023), and her mother's salary was raised to $250 per week (equivalent to $5,694 in 2023), with an additional $15,000 (equivalent to $341,642 in 2023) bonus for each finished film.[33] Cease-and-desist letters were sent to many companies and the authorized corporate licenses began to be issued.[34]

Bright Eyes, written with her acting style in mind, was released in 1934[35][36] The film included the song "On the Good Ship Lollipop", which is considered to be her signature song. She was awarded a miniature Juvenile Oscar in 1935.[37][38][39]

1935–1937

[edit]

Temple's quota of films in each calendar year was increased from three to four in the contract that her parents signed in July 1934. Now and Forever starring Gary Cooper and Carole Lombard (with Temple billed third with her name above the title beneath Cooper's and Lombard's), The Little Colonel, Our Little Girl, Curly Top (with the signature song "Animal Crackers in My Soup") and The Littlest Rebel were released after the contract was signed. Curly Top was Temple's last film before the merger between 20th Century Pictures and the Fox Film Corporation.[40]

Temple's salary was $2,500 per week (equivalent to $55,558 in 2023) by the end of 1935.[41] Elaborate sets were built for the production at the famed Iverson Movie Ranch in Chatsworth, where a rock feature at the heavily filmed location ranch was eventually named Shirley Temple Rock.[42]

Heidi was the only other Temple film released in 1937.[43] Midway through shooting of the movie, the dream sequence was added to the script. Temple herself reportedly was behind the dream sequence and she had enthusiastically pushed for it, but in her autobiography, she vehemently denied this. Her contract gave neither her parents nor her any creative control over her movies. She saw this as Zanuck's refusal to make any serious attempt at building upon the success of her dramatic role in Wee Willie Winkie.[44]

One of the many examples of how Temple was permeating popular culture at the time is the references to her in the 1937 film Stand-In; newly minted film studio honcho Atterbury Dodd (played by Leslie Howard) has never heard of Temple, much to the shock and disbelief of former child star Lester Plum (played by Joan Blondell), who describes herself as "the Shirley Temple of my day", and performs "On the Good Ship Lollipop" for him.

1938–1940

[edit]
Temple in The Little Princess, her first color film

The Independent Theatre Owners Association paid for an advertisement in The Hollywood Reporter in May 1938 that included Temple on a list of actors who deserved their salaries while others' (including Katharine Hepburn and Joan Crawford) "box-office draw is nil".[45]

In 1939, she was the subject of the Salvador Dalí painting Shirley Temple, The Youngest, Most Sacred Monster of the Cinema in Her Time, and she was animated with Donald Duck in The Autograph Hound.[46] In 1940, Lester Cowan, an independent film producer, bought the screen rights to F. Scott Fitzgerald's Babylon Revisited for $80. Fitzgerald thought his screenwriting days were over, and with some hesitation, accepted Cowan's offer to write the screenplay titled "Cosmopolitan" based on the short story. After finishing the screenplay, Fitzgerald was told by Cowan that he would not do the film unless Temple starred in the lead role of the youngster Honoria. Fitzgerald objected, saying that at age 12, the actress was too worldly for the part and would detract from the aura of innocence otherwise framed by Honoria's character. After meeting Temple in July, Fitzgerald changed his mind, and tried to persuade her mother to let her star in the film. However, her mother demurred. In any case, the Cowan project was shelved by the producer. Fitzgerald was later credited with the use of the original story for The Last Time I Saw Paris starring Elizabeth Taylor.[47]

As her contract with 20th Century-Fox was coming to a close, Temple's mother applied her for entrance into the Westlake School for Girls in September 1939.[48] There, Temple would enroll as a seventh grader. Temple noted that she had difficulty adapting to a school environment after having spent much of her youth with adults and private tutors. However, her classmate June Lockhart described her as having "integrated herself right away" and seeming "delighted to be there". Temple frequently attended school dances and extracurricular activities, and according to Lockhart, "students did not treat her differently despite her successful film career."[49][50] Temple graduated from the school in May 1945.[51][52]

1941–1950: Final films and retirement

[edit]
Temple in 1943

Shirley signed with MGM after leaving 20th Century-Fox. However, upon meeting with Arthur Freed for a preliminary interview, the MGM producer exposed his genitals to her. When this elicited nervous giggles in response, Freed threw her out and ended their contract before any films were produced.[53] The next idea was teaming her with Garland and Rooney for the musical Babes on Broadway. Fearing that either of those two could easily upstage Temple, MGM replaced her with Virginia Weidler. As a result, her only film for MGM was the relatively unsuccessful film Kathleen, released in 1941. Miss Annie Rooney followed for United Artists in 1942, but was unsuccessful. The Bachelor and the Bobby-Soxer starring Cary Grant and Fort Apache starring John Wayne and Henry Fonda were two of her few hit films in the 1940s.[54] Her then-husband John Agar also appeared in Fort Apache. She and future U.S. president Ronald Reagan were both in That Hagen Girl (1947). She did not formally announce her retirement from full-length films until 1950.[55][56]

Radio career

[edit]

Temple briefly had her own radio series on CBS. Junior Miss debuted March 4, 1942, in which she played the title role. The series was based on stories by Sally Benson. Sponsored by Procter & Gamble, Junior Miss was directed by Gordon Hughes, with David Rose as musical director.[57] The series ended on August 26, 1942.[58]

Television career

[edit]
Temple in 1965

From 1958 until 1961, Temple was the hostess, narrator, and an occasional actress on an anthology series of fairy tale adaptations called Shirley Temple's Storybook. During 1958 the hour-long program was seen as a series of specials on ABC. Starting in 1959 the series began airing every third Monday night, alternating with Cheyenne. In 1960 the series moved to NBC, where it was broadcast under the title of The Shirley Temple Show until September 10, 1961.[59]

In 1999, she hosted the AFI's 100 Years...100 Stars awards show on CBS, and in 2001 served as a consultant on an ABC-TV production of her autobiography, Child Star: The Shirley Temple Story.[60]

Merchandise and endorsements

[edit]
Temple leaving the White House offices with her mother and bodyguard John Griffith, 1938

John Kasson states:

She was also the most popular celebrity to endorse merchandise for children and adults, rivaled only by Mickey Mouse. She transformed children's fashions, popularizing a toddler look for girls up to the age of 12, and by the mid-1930s, Ideal Novelty and Toy Company's line of Shirley Temple dolls accounted for almost a third of all dolls sold in the country.[27]

Successful Shirley Temple items included a line of girls' dresses and many other items.[61]

Alongside licensed merchandise came counterfeit items bearing Temple's likeness to capitalize on her fame, from dolls, clothing, and other accessories to even cigars with her face printed on the label.[62] Temple lamented in her memoirs that it "made no economic sense" to pursue litigation against those who made unlicensed goods under her name; a successful lawsuit was filed by Ideal Toy Company against a certain Lenora Doll Company, which manufactured and sold Shirley Temple dolls without authorization, with Temple herself cited as a co-plaintiff befitting her celebrity status.[63]

Myths and rumors

[edit]

At the height of her popularity, Temple was the subject of many myths and rumors, with several being propagated by the Fox press department. Fox publicized her as a natural talent with no formal acting or dance training. As a way of explaining how she knew stylized buck-and-wing dancing, she was enrolled for two weeks in the Elisa Ryan School of Dancing.[64]

False claims circulated that Temple was not a child, but a 30-year-old dwarf, due in part to her stocky body type. The rumor was so prevalent, especially in Europe, that the Vatican dispatched Father Silvio Massante to investigate whether she was indeed a child. The fact that she never seemed to miss any teeth led some people to conclude that she had all her adult teeth. Temple was actually losing her primary teeth regularly through her days with Fox—for example, during the sidewalk ceremony in front of Grauman's Theatre, where she took off her shoes and placed her bare feet in the concrete, taking attention away from her face. When acting, she wore dental plates and caps to hide the gaps in her teeth.[65] Another rumor said her teeth had been filed to make them appear like baby teeth.[66]

A rumor about Temple's trademark hair was that she wore a wig. On multiple occasions, fans yanked her hair to test the rumor. She later said she wished all she had to do was wear a wig. The nightly process she endured in the setting of her curls was tedious and grueling, with weekly vinegar rinses that stung her eyes.[67]

Rumors spread that her hair color was not naturally blonde. During the making of Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm, news spread that she was going to do extended scenes without her trademark curls. During production, she also caught a cold, which caused her to miss a couple of days. As a result, a false report originated in Britain that all of her hair had been cut off.[66]

Diplomatic career

[edit]
Shirley Temple with Richard Nixon and Brent Scowcroft in the Oval Office on February 28, 1974

Temple became active in the California Republican Party. In 1967, she ran unsuccessfully in a special election in California's 11th congressional district after eight-term Republican J. Arthur Younger died of leukemia.[68][69] She ran in the open primary as a conservative Republican and came in second with 34,521 votes (22.44%), behind Republican law school professor Pete McCloskey, who placed first in the primary with 52,882 votes (34.37%) and advanced to the general election with Democrat Roy A. Archibald, who finished fourth with 15,069 votes (9.79%), but advanced as the highest-placed Democratic candidate. In the general election, McCloskey was elected with 63,850 votes (57.2%) to Archibald's 43,759 votes (39.2%). Temple received 3,938 votes (3.53%) as an independent write-in.[70][71]

Temple (far left) with First Lady Pat Nixon, and Chief Nana Osae Djan II, in Ghana, 1972

Temple was extensively involved with the Commonwealth Club of California, a public-affairs forum headquartered in San Francisco. She spoke at many meetings throughout the years, and was president for a period in 1984.[72][73]

Temple got her start in foreign service after her failed run for Congress in 1967, when Henry Kissinger overheard her talking about South West Africa at a party. He was surprised that she knew anything about it.[74] She was appointed as a delegate to the 24th United Nations General Assembly (September – December 1969) by President Richard M. Nixon[75][76][77] and United States Ambassador to Ghana (December 6, 1974 – July 13, 1976) by President Gerald R. Ford.[78] She was appointed first female Chief of Protocol of the United States (July 1, 1976 – January 21, 1977).[78][79]

In 1976, Temple was considered a potential running mate to Gerald Ford in that year's presidential election. While staying in Kansas City for the Republican National Convention, Temple and her husband were given a room with a White House telephone in it. Temple recalled that she speculated to her husband that the phone had been installed as Ford was about to ask her to be his running mate at the convention, however, the phone was disconnected.[80] Bob Dole was instead chosen as the Vice Presidential nominee.

Temple had hoped after Ronald Reagan's victory in the 1980 presidential election that she would be given a cabinet position or another ambassadorship. Reagan did send Temple as his representative to Paris as part of American inaugural celebrations abroad, however, she was not given any new posting during the Reagan administration. Writer Anne Edwards suggested that this was because Temple had supported Reagan's rival, George H. W. Bush, in the 1980 Republican primaries. When rumours circulated that Reagan was planning to reappoint Temple as chief of protocol after Lenore Annenberg's resignation, Temple remarked that she didn't "believe in looking back".[81]

She served as the United States Ambassador to Czechoslovakia (August 23, 1989 – July 12, 1992), having been appointed by President George H. W. Bush,[82] and was the first and only woman in this job. Temple bore witness to two crucial moments in the history of Czechoslovakia's fight against communism. She was in Prague in August 1968, as a representative of the International Federation of Multiple Sclerosis Societies, and was going to meet with Czechoslovakian party leader Alexander Dubček on the very day that Soviet-backed forces invaded the country. Dubček fell out of favor with the Soviets after a series of reforms, known as the Prague Spring. Temple, who was stranded at a hotel as the tanks rolled in, sought refuge on the roof of the hotel. She later reported that it was from there she saw an unarmed woman on the street gunned down by Soviet forces, the sight of which stayed with her for the rest of her life.[83]

Later, after she became ambassador to Czechoslovakia, she was present during the Velvet Revolution, which brought about the end of communism in Czechoslovakia.[84] Temple openly sympathized with anti-communist dissidents, and assisted their efforts.[84] She was ambassador when the United States established formal diplomatic relations with the newly elected government led by Václav Havel. She took the unusual step of personally accompanying Havel on his first official visit to Washington, traveling on the same plane.[74]

Personal life

[edit]
Shirley Temple with her daughter Linda Susan (1948)

In 1943, 15-year-old Temple met 22-year-old John Agar, whom she married two years later in 1945, at age 17.[85][86][87] She gave birth to Linda Susan Agar in 1948.[85][88][89] Agar was reportedly an alcoholic and had extramarital affairs. Temple divorced Agar in 1950 on the grounds of mental cruelty.[90]

Temple was married to Charles Alden Black from 1950 until his death on August 4, 2005.[91] They had a son, Charles Alden Black Jr and a daughter Lori, who became a bassist for the rock band the Melvins.

Breast cancer

[edit]

At age 44, in 1972, Temple was diagnosed with breast cancer. At the time, cancer was typically discussed in hushed whispers, and Temple's public disclosure was a significant milestone in improving breast cancer awareness and reducing stigma around the disease.[92][93]

Death

[edit]

Temple died at age 85 on February 10, 2014, at her home in Woodside, California.[94][95][93] The cause of death, according to her death certificate released on March 3, 2014, was chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).[96] Temple was a lifelong cigarette smoker but avoided displaying her habit in public because she did not want to set a bad example for her fans.[97][failed verification] She is buried at Alta Mesa Memorial Park.

Awards, honors, and legacy

[edit]
Temple wearing the Kennedy Center Honors, 1998

On March 14, 1935, Shirley left her footprints and handprints in the wet cement at the forecourt of Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood. She was the Grand Marshal of the New Year's Day Rose Parade in Pasadena, California, three times in 1939, 1989, and 1999. On February 8, 1960, she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

In 1970, she received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.[98][99] In February 1980, Temple was honored by the Freedoms Foundation of Valley Forge, Pennsylvania.[100] In 1975, Temple was installed as an honorary deputy paramount chief of the Oguaa people of Ghana.[101]

In 1998, she received the Kennedy Center Honor for her achievement in film. [102]

Her name is further immortalized by the mocktail named after her, although Temple found the drink far too sweet for her palate.[103][104] In 1988, Temple brought a lawsuit to prevent a bottled soda version from using her name.[105][106]

On June 9, 2021, Temple was featured on that day's Google Doodle in celebration of the opening anniversary of "Love, Shirley Temple” a special exhibit featuring a collection of her rare memorabilia at Santa Monica History Museum.[107]

Filmography

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Shirley Temple". biography.com. Archived from the original on April 13, 2019. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
  2. ^ Balio 227
  3. ^ Windeler 26
  4. ^ Child Star. McGraw-Hill. 1998. ISBN 978-0-07-005532-2.
  5. ^ "The Birth of Shirley Temple". California Birth Index. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
  6. ^ "Love, Shirley Temple, Collector's Book: 4 Shirley Temple's Official Hospital Birth Certificate". www.theriaults.com. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved July 28, 2020.
  7. ^ Edwards 15, 17
  8. ^ a b Windeler 16
  9. ^ Edwards 15
  10. ^ Burdick 3
  11. ^ A look at the late Shirley Temple's first home Archived December 29, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Yahoo!. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
  12. ^ Edwards 29–30
  13. ^ Windeler 17
  14. ^ Burdick 6
  15. ^ Edwards 26
  16. ^ Edwards 31
  17. ^ Black 14
  18. ^ Edwards 31–34
  19. ^ Windeler 111
  20. ^ Windeler 113, 115, 122
  21. ^ Black 15
  22. ^ Edwards 36
  23. ^ Black 28
  24. ^ Edwards 37, 366
  25. ^ Edwards 267–269
  26. ^ Windeler 122
  27. ^ a b Kasson, American National Biography (2015)
  28. ^ Edwards 75
  29. ^ Edwards 75–76
  30. ^ Shirley Temple Black, Child Star: An Autobiography, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1988, 32–36.
  31. ^ Barrios 421
  32. ^ Kasson 80–83
  33. ^ "Measuring Worth – Results". measuringworth.com. Archived from the original on March 8, 2018. Retrieved May 10, 2018.
  34. ^ Shirley Temple Black, Child Star: An Autobiography, New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 1988, pp. 79–83.
  35. ^ Edwards 67
  36. ^ Windeler 143
  37. ^ Black 98–101
  38. ^ Edwards 80
  39. ^ Windeler 27–28
  40. ^ "20th Century Fox | History, Movies, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on December 22, 2020. Retrieved December 12, 2020.
  41. ^ Shirley Temple Black, Child Star: An Autobiography, New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 1988, 130.
  42. ^ Edwards 105, 363
  43. ^ Edwards, p. 106
  44. ^ Shirley Temple Black, Child Star: An Autobiography, New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 1988, 192–193
  45. ^ "Box-office Busts/Boys and Girls". Life. May 16, 1938. pp. 13, 28. Archived from the original on September 9, 2021. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
  46. ^ Barkas, Sherry. "Shirley Temple Black was no stranger to Disney". Desert Sun. Retrieved September 21, 2022.
  47. ^ E. Ray Canterbery and Thomas D. Birch, F. Scott Fitzgerald: Under the Influence, St. Paul, Minn.: Paragon House, 2006, pp. 347–352.
  48. ^ Black, Shirley Temple (1988). Child Star: an Autobiography. New York: Warner Books, Inc. p. 299. ISBN 0-446-35792-8.
  49. ^ "Alum Shirley Temple dies at 85". The Harvard-Westlake Chronicle. Retrieved April 27, 2024.
  50. ^ Lockhart, June (February 12, 2014). "Shirley Temple's First On-Screen Kiss". Time. Retrieved April 27, 2024.
  51. ^ Black, Shirley Temple (1988). Child Star: an Autobiography. New York: Warner Books, Inc. p. 380. ISBN 0-446-35792-8.
  52. ^ "Shirley Temple Black, Class of 1945". The Westlake School for Girls Archive. Retrieved April 27, 2024.
  53. ^ Harmetz, Aljean (February 11, 2014). "Shirley Temple Black, Hollywood's Biggest Little Star, Dies at 85". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 26, 2019. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
  54. ^ Windeler 49–52
  55. ^ Windeler, p. 71
  56. ^ Black 479–481
  57. ^ "Shirley Temple in Title Role Of 'Junior Miss' Radio Drama". Harrisburg Telegraph. February 28, 1942. p. 22. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 28, 2015 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  58. ^ "Radio News and Programs." Atlantic City Press-Union, August 15, 1942, p. 14.
  59. ^ Brooks, Tim and Marsh, Earle, The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network TV Shows 1946 – Present, Ballantine Books, 1979, page 558
  60. ^ "Child Star: The Shirley Temple Story (2001)". Rotten Tomatoes. June 5, 2005. Archived from the original on July 9, 2013. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
  61. ^ Black 85–86
  62. ^ Black 86
  63. ^ Black 105
  64. ^ Black, Shirley Temple (1988). Child Star: An Autobiography. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 39–41. ISBN 978-0-07-005532-2.
  65. ^ Black, Shirley Temple (1988). Child Star: An Autobiography. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 72–73. ISBN 978-0-07-005532-2.
  66. ^ a b Lindeman, Edith. "The Real Miss Temple". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Archived from the original on March 7, 2015. Retrieved May 15, 2014.
  67. ^ Black, Shirley Temple (1988). Child Star: An Autobiography. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 68–69. ISBN 978-0-07-005532-2.
  68. ^ Edwards 243ff
  69. ^ Windeler 80ff
  70. ^ Sean Howell (July 1, 2009). "Documentary salutes Pete McCloskey". The Almanac Online. Embarcadero Publishing Co. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 12, 2014.
  71. ^ Romney, Lee (June 11, 2012). "Between two public servants, Purple Heart-felt admiration". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 15, 2012. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
  72. ^ "Commonwealth Club Radio Program Collection". Archived from the original on March 6, 2014. Retrieved March 5, 2014.
  73. ^ "In Memoriam: Shirley Temple Black". commonwealthclub.org. Archived from the original on March 9, 2014. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
  74. ^ a b Joshua Keating, "Shirley Temple Black's Unlikely Diplomatic Career: Including an Encounter with Frank Zappa" Archived May 5, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Slate, February 11, 2014.
  75. ^ Edwards 356
  76. ^ Windeler 85
  77. ^ Aljean Harmetz, "Shirley Temple Black, Hollywood's Biggest Little Star, Dies at 85", The New York Times, February 11, 2014 Archived August 16, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
  78. ^ a b Edwards 357
  79. ^ Windeler 105
  80. ^ Edwards, Anne (1988). Shirley Temple: American Princess. William Morrow and Company, Inc. p. 341. ISBN 978-0-688-06051-0.
  81. ^ Edwards, Anne (1988). Shirley Temple: American Princess. William Morrow and Company, Inc. p. 351. ISBN 978-0-688-06051-0.
  82. ^ Thomas; Scheftel
  83. ^ Whitney, Craig R. (September 11, 1989). "Prague Journal: Shirley Temple Black Unpacks a Bag of Memories". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 16, 2017.
  84. ^ a b Kenealy, Andrew (2024). "The Velvet Revolution's Best Supporting Actors: Shirley Temple Black and U.S. Embassy Prague, 19891". Journal of Cold War Studies. 26 (1): 50–81. doi:10.1162/jcws_a_01191. ISSN 1520-3972.
  85. ^ a b Edwards 355
  86. ^ Edwards 169
  87. ^ Windeler 54
  88. ^ Black 419–421
  89. ^ Windeler 68
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Bibliography

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Further reading

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