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Margrethe Vestager

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Margrethe Vestager
Vestager in 2022
Executive Vice President of the European Commission for A Europe Fit for the Digital Age
Incumbent
Assumed office
1 December 2019
On leave: 5 September 2023 – 8 December 2023[a]
PresidentUrsula von der Leyen
Preceded byPosition established[b]
European Commissioner for Competition
Incumbent
Assumed office
1 November 2014
On leave: 5 September 2023 – 8 December 2023[c]
PresidentJean-Claude Juncker
Ursula von der Leyen
Preceded byJoaquín Almunia
Deputy Prime Minister of Denmark
In office
3 October 2011 – 2 September 2014
Prime MinisterHelle Thorning-Schmidt
Preceded byLars Barfoed
Succeeded byMorten Østergaard
Minister of the Economy and Interior
In office
3 October 2011 – 2 September 2014
Prime MinisterHelle Thorning-Schmidt
Preceded byBrian Mikkelsen (Economy)
Bertel Haarder (Interior)
Succeeded byMorten Østergaard
Leader of the Social Liberal Party
In office
15 June 2007 – 2 September 2014
Preceded byMarianne Jelved
Succeeded byMorten Østergaard
Minister of Education
In office
23 March 1998 – 27 November 2001
Prime MinisterPoul Nyrup Rasmussen
Preceded byOle Vig Jensen
Succeeded byUlla Tørnæs
Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs
In office
23 March 1998 – 21 December 2000
Prime MinisterPoul Nyrup Rasmussen
Preceded byOle Vig Jensen
Succeeded byJohannes Lebech
Personal details
Born (1968-04-13) 13 April 1968 (age 56)
Glostrup, Denmark
Political partySocial Liberal Party
Other political
affiliations		Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party
Spouse
Thomas Jensen
​
(m. 1994)​
Children3
EducationUniversity of Copenhagen

Margrethe Vestager (Danish pronunciation: [mɑˈkʁeˀtə ˈvestˌɛˀjɐ]; born 13 April 1968) is a Danish politician currently serving as Executive Vice President of the European Commission for A Europe Fit for the Digital Age since December 2019[2] and European Commissioner for Competition since 2014. Vestager is a member of the Danish Social Liberal Party, and of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party (ALDE) on the European level.

Prior to joining the European Commission, she served in the Danish governments of Poul Nyrup Rasmussen as Minister for Ecclesiastical Affairs from 1998 to 2000 and Minister of Education from 1998 to 2001. She was leader of the Social Liberals from 2007 to 2014, and served as Minister of Economic Affairs and the Interior under Helle Thorning-Schmidt from 2011 to 2014.

Following the 2014 European Parliament election, Vestager was nominated as Denmark's European Commissioner in the Juncker Commission,[3] becoming Commissioner for Competition.[4] In the 2019 European Parliament election, she was one of ALDE's seven lead candidates.[5] After the election, Vestager was nominated as the Renew Europe group's candidate for President of the European Commission.[6] After the election of Ursula von der Leyen as President, Vestager was re-nominated as Denmark's Commissioner. She retained her Competition portfolio while also becoming one of the Commission's three Executive Vice Presidents, with responsibility for "A Europe Fit for the Digital Age".[7]

In 2023, European media called Vestager a waning star. Mistakes of judgement overshadowed her second mandate with the European Commission, such as the unsuccessful appointment of a US economics professor as Chief Economist for competition.[8][9] Despite these setbacks, her aggressive antitrust enforcement against Big Tech culminated in a 2024 European Court of Justice victory that upheld landmark tax rulings against Apple and Google, decisions widely viewed as sealing her legacy as a steadfast regulator and vindicating her potent EU trustbuster campaign.[10][11][12][13][14]

In her capacity as Commissioner for Competition, Vestager has gained international recognition for investigating, fining, or bringing lawsuits against major multinational companies including Google,[15] Apple Inc.,[16] Amazon,[17] Facebook, Qualcomm,[18] Siemens, Alstom,[19] and Gazprom.[20][21] She has been described as "the rich world's most powerful trustbuster"[22] and "the world's most famous regulator".[18] Vestager has been the target of criticism by American corporations and US President Donald Trump for her efforts throughout her tenure as European Commissioner for Competition.[23][24]

Early life and education

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Vestager was born in Glostrup, Zealand, a daughter of Lutheran ministers Hans Vestager and Bodil Tybjerg.[22][25] She grew up in Ølgod, and matriculated from Varde Upper Secondary school in 1986. She studied at the University of Copenhagen, graduating in 1993 with a degree in Economics.[26]

Political career

[edit]

Vestager has been a professional politician since the age of 21, when she was appointed to the central board and executive committee of the SLP and its European Affairs Committee, and shortly afterwards as National Chairwoman of the Party.[citation needed]

In 2001, Vestager was elected to the Danish Parliament, becoming Chairwoman of its Parliamentary Group in 2007. She was appointed Minister of Education and Ecclesiastical Affairs in 1998.[citation needed]

On 15 June 2007 Vestager secured election as her Party's parliamentary group leader in the Folketing, replacing Marianne Jelved.[25] When Denmark's Prime Minister Lars Løkke Rasmussen called an early election in 2011 after failing to secure majority lawmaker backing for his economic stimulus package, Vestager's Social Liberals and the Conservative People's Party formed a political alliance, pledging to work together no matter which political bloc would win the election.[27]

Minister for Economic and Interior Affairs of Denmark, 2011–2014

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From 2011 until 2014 Vestager served as Minister for Economic and Interior Affairs in the three-party Social Democrat-led coalition government of Helle Thorning-Schmidt. Having forced through deep cuts in unemployment benefits of Denmark's generous social welfare system after the country's economy narrowly escaped recession in 2012,[28] she was at one point considered by Danish media and pollsters as the most powerful person in government, even above Thorning-Schmidt.[29]

In her time in office, chaired the meetings of economic and finance ministers of the European Union (ECOFIN) during Denmark's presidency of the Council of Ministers in 2012.[30] In this capacity, she announced that the European Union would cede two of its seats on the board of the International Monetary Fund to emerging economies under a new power-sharing scheme for international financial institutions.[31] She also worked closely with Jean-Claude Juncker to salvage Europe's financial sector and forge a European Banking Union.[32]

Between 2011 and 2014, Vestager led Denmark's campaign against Basel III liquidity rules, arguing in favor of allowing banks to use 75 percent more in covered bonds to fill liquidity buffers than allowed under Basel III rules; at the time Denmark's $550 billion mortgage-backed covered bond market, part of the country's two-century-old mortgage system,[33] was the world's largest per capita.[34] In 2013 she ruled out slowing down steps toward stricter requirements for systemically important lenders and reiterated her stance that banks won't get tax breaks to help them through the transition caused by regulatory reform.[35]

In May 2014, Vestager presented a growth package designed to drag Denmark's economy – at the time Scandinavia's weakest – out of its crisis, raising the country's structural output by 6 billion kroner ($1.1 billion) and cut costs for companies by 4 billion kroner in 2020 through 89 measures to improve the business climate and boost employment.[36]

In 2013, Vestager held that “[in] our experience it’s impossible to pursue Danish interests without being close to the core of Europe. You don’t have influence or produce results if you’re standing on the sideline.”[37]

European Commissioner for Competition, 2014–2019

[edit]

On 31 August 2014, Prime Minister Thorning-Schmidt nominated Vestager as Denmark's EU Commissioner in the Juncker Commission.[3] Despite her repeated denials of campaigning for the Environment portfolio,[38][39] eventually she was designated the Competition dossier in the Juncker Commission.[4] On 3 October 2014, she won the European Parliament's backing following her confirmation hearing.[40][41]

In her confirmation hearings, Vestager said she favored settlement of cases before they come to a final executive judgment, for reduced fines or negotiated concessions from the companies.[42]

Within a few months in the office, she brought antitrust charges against Google; Almunia had initially opened the investigation into Google in 2010, and had reached a settlement deal with Google by 2014 but was unable to convince the European Commission to accept it before his term ended. Vestager inherited Almunia's case but has shown greater desire to continue pursuing Google/Alphabet over the alleged antitrust violations.[26] Also, she initiated investigations into the tax affairs of Fiat, Starbucks, Amazon.com and Apple Inc. under competition rules.[21] In 2014, she launched proceedings against Gazprom, one of Europe's main gas suppliers, over allegations of breaching EU antitrust rules by putting in place artificial barriers to trade with eight European countries: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Bulgaria.[20]

In January 2015, Vestager ordered Cyprus Airways to pay back over 65 million euros in illegal state aid received in 2012 and 2013 as part of a restructuring package; as a consequence, Cyprus suspended operations at its flag carrier resulting in 550 job losses and reduced competition.[43][44]

In August 2016, after a two–year investigation, Vestager announced Apple Inc. received illegal tax benefits from Ireland. The Commission ordered Apple to pay a fine of €13 billion, plus interest, in unpaid Irish taxes for 2004–2014;[45] the largest tax fine in history.[16] In July 2020, the European General Court struck down the decision as illegal, ruling in favor of Apple. The ruling of the European General Court was later overturned by the European Court of Justice, who definitely confirmed the Commission's decision.[46]

As a result of the EU investigation, Apple agreed to re-structure out of its 2004–2014 Irish BEPS tool, the Double Irish in Q1 2015; Apple's replacement Irish BEPS tool, the CAIA arrangement caused Irish 2015 GDP to rise by 34.4 per cent,[47] and was labelled Leprechaun economics by Nobel Prize-winning economist, Paul Krugman in July 2016.[48][49]

In July 2017, a fine of $2.7 billion against Alphabet (formerly Google) was levied based on the European Commission claim that Google breached antitrust rules. This fine was later appealed.[15]

In October 2017, Vestager ordered Amazon to pay €250 million of back taxes,[17] and in January 2018, the EU Commission fined Qualcomm €997 million for allegedly abusing its market dominance on LTE baseband chipsets.[50] In July 2018, she fined Alphabet (Google) €4.3 billion for entrenching its dominance in internet search by illegally tying together their service and other mobile apps with Android. On 22 January 2019 she fined Mastercard €570 million for preventing European retailers from shopping around for better payment terms.[51] In March 2019, Vestager ordered Google to pay a fine €1.49 billion for abusive practices in online advertising.[52][18] Vestager's actions against American companies as competition commissioner received criticism from US President Donald Trump (who also dubbed her as the EU's "Tax Lady"),[53] stating "She hates the United States, perhaps worse than any person I’ve ever met."[24]

In February 2019, Vestager blocked a merger between the two large European rail companies Siemens and Alstom due to serious competition concerns, despite the fact that both the German and French governments had supported the merger.[19]


Executive Vice President of the European Commission for a Europe Fit for the Digital Age, 2019–present

[edit]
Vestager with Antony Blinken and Stavros Lambrinidis before the inaugural U.S.-EU Trade and Technology Council (TTC) meeting, 2021

Following the 2019 European Parliament election, Vestager was proposed as President of the European Commission.[6] Vestager’s campaign for the presidency of the European Commission encountered resistance in France, following her decision to veto the merger between Alstom and Siemens.[54] The prohibition of the merger between two large European industrial companies angered the French president Emmanuel Macron and stood in the way of Vestager’s bid for the presidency of the European Commission.[55] In June 2019, Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen proposed that Vestager continue as Denmark's Commissioner for another five years.[56] While, initially thought to become First Vice-President,[57] Ursula von der Leyen has since proposed that Vestager, Frans Timmermans and Valdis Dombrovskis all serve as Executive Vice-Presidents of the Commission with Vestager having responsibility for a "Europe fit for the Digital Age".

In her role as Vice-President of the European Commission, Vestager had public and private disagreements with Commissioner Thierry Breton, the Frenchman in charge of a major overhaul of the digital rules in the European Union.[58] As Vice-President of the European Commission, Vestager has been a co-chair of the Trade and Technology Council since its creation in 2021.[59]

In July 2023, the appointment of the American Fiona Scott Morton to the post of chief economist in the Competition Directorate, with the support of Mrs Vestager, provoked an outcry in the European Parliament and in France, where leaders reacted negatively in the name of defending European interests.[60] At a hearing at the European Parliament on 18 July, Vestager was unable to give a full list of cases for which Scott Morton, which had previously worked as a consultant to several companies, including GAFAM companies such as Amazon and Apple, would have to recuse herself, as the list was still being drawn, illustrating the extensive conflicts of interests of Scott Morton.[61][62] On the same day, the French President Emmanuel Macron expressed his concerns regarding the choice of Scott Morton and his surprise that no qualified candidates could be found in Europe.[63] He also noted with consternation Scott Morton's consulting work for the GAFAM.[64] Scott Morton withdrew her candidacy the following day on 19 July 2023, to the regret to some academics that expressed support for Scott Morton.[65] The failed nomination was labelled Fiona Scott Morton affair by commentators.[66] It called into question the support by some of the European countries of the candidacy of Vestager to the presidency of the European Investment Bank, announced earlier that year.[67]

In September 2023, Vestager was released from her duties as Competition Commissioner by European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen and was replaced by Didier Reynders as Competition Commissioner in the interim. In December 2023, Nadia Calviño was announced as the new president of the EIB. Vincent van Peteghem, Minister of Finance of Belgium and Chair of EIB’s Board of Governors, told reporters that EU finance ministers agreed that “Nadia Calviño will be a strong next president of the EIB, the biggest investment bank in the world.".[68] Vestager subsequently resumed her duties as Competition Commissioner.

Following the resignation of Thierry Breton in September 2024, Vestager assumed his portfolio as Commissioner for Internal Market, and other related responsibilities, until the end of the current Commission mandate.[69][70]

Other activities

[edit]

Corporate boards

[edit]

Non-profit organizations

[edit]

Recognition

[edit]

Criticism

[edit]

Opposition to Italian recovery of local banks

[edit]

In 2015, as the European Commissioner for Competition, Margrethe Vestager opposed the intervention of the Italian FITD (Inter-Bank Deposit Protection Fund) to support the capital increase of Banca Tercas, which had been approved by the Bank of Italy, defining it as an anti-competition state aid. This decision impeded similar interventions in favor of the recovery of other banks, such as Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara, Banca delle Marche, Banca Etruria, CariChieti and Carige.

In 2019, following an appeal from Italy, FITD and Banca Popolare di Bari, the European General Court annulled the decision of Vestager, which was also based on the unproven assumption that FITD was using state-controlled resources. After an appeal from the European Commission, the European Court of Justice confirmed the previous judgement against the Commission. Former Governor of the Bank of Italy Ignazio Visco declared that the intervention of FITD could have avoided more serious consequences.[75][76][77][78]

Personal life

[edit]

Vestager's husband is a gymnasium maths-and-philosophy teacher. They have three daughters, Maria, Rebecca, and Ella. Vestager served as an inspiration for the main character in Borgen, who tries to juggle family life and politics.[21] She is also a knitter and a self-declared feminist. In 2021 she told Femina magazine that we were moving towards gender equality in the workplace “at a completely unacceptably slow speed”.[79] Vestager speaks Danish, English and some French.[21]

See also

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Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Věra Jourová served as acting commissioner for a Europe fit for the digital age during Vestager's leave.[1]
  2. ^ Mariya Gabriel as Commissioner for Digital Economy and Society and Maroš Šefčovič as Acting European Commissioner for Digital Single Market
  3. ^ Didier Reynders served as acting commissioner for competition during Vestager's leave.[1]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Reynders to take over as EU competition chief". 5 September 2023.
  2. ^ "Margrethe Vestager". European Commission. 2019-11-19. Retrieved 2019-12-08.
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  4. ^ a b "The new structure of the Juncker Commission". Retrieved 10 September 2014.
  5. ^ "Leading liberals join EU election fray". Politico. 19 March 2019.
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  12. ^ Schneider, Julie (2024-09-10). "»Krigerdronningen« græd, da sejren kom i hus: På falderebet har Margrethe Vestager skabt en ny fortælling". Berlingske.dk (in Danish). Retrieved 2024-09-20.
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  27. ^ Josiane Kremer (August 28, 2011), Danish Conservatives, Social Liberals Form Pact, Berlingske Says Bloomberg Business.
  28. ^ Mette Fraende and Erik Matzen (December 13, 2012), Denmark sees painful recovery as economy stalls Reuters.
  29. ^ Foo Yun Chee and Julia Fioretti (September 10, 2014), Danish reformer gets EU antitrust stick; German to police the Internet Reuters.
  30. ^ Cynthia Kroet (August 31, 2014), Denmark nominates Vestager as European commissioner European Voice.
  31. ^ EU to cut IMF board seats in autumn- EU's Vestager Reuters, April 20, 2012.
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  33. ^ Frances Schwartzkopff (December 6, 2013), Soros Venture Urges Denmark to Ignore EBA Covered Bond Plan Bloomberg Business.
  34. ^ Frances Schwartzkopff, Jim Brunsden and Peter Levring (June 13, 2014), Basel’s Liquidity Rules Ignored as EU Sides With Denmark Bloomberg Business.
  35. ^ Peter Levring (May 28, 2013), Banks Rebuked for Spin Tactics as Denmark Slams Sifi Pleas Bloomberg Business.
  36. ^ Peter Levring (May 8, 2014), Danish Government Unveils Plan to Help Economy Exit Crisis Bloomberg Business.
  37. ^ Peter Levring (January 23, 2013), U.K. Must ‘Walk Path Alone’ on EU Vote, Denmark Says Bloomberg Business.
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  41. ^ Paul Taylor (October 5, 2014), Juncker's team likely to survive EU power struggle Reuters.
  42. ^ Foo Yun Chee and Alastair Macdonald (September 23, 2014), New EU antitrust head not swayed by anti-Americanism, bullies Reuters.
  43. ^ Foo Yun Chee and Alastair Macdonald (January 9, 2015), Cyprus Airways closed down after EU state aid ruling Reuters.
  44. ^ Times of Malta (January 10, 2015), Cyprus Airways closed down after EU state aid ruling Times of Malta.
  45. ^ "EU Commission Decision on State Aid by Ireland to Apple" (PDF). Apple (Ireland). 30 August 2016. Retrieved 2016-11-14.
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  47. ^ Patrick Syth (13 September 2019). "Explainer: Apple's €13bn tax appeal has huge implications". Irish Times. Retrieved 15 October 2019. Apple has changed its own corporate structure, restructured a new Irish Beps tool called Capital Allowances for Intangible Assets (CAIA), also nicknamed the "Green Jersey". The bookkeeping change was so significant that it contributed to the extraordinary one-off revision in Irish GDP for 2015 by 26 per cent (later revised to 34.4 per cent).
  48. ^ Mark Deen; Dara Doyle (13 July 2016). ""Leprechaun Economics" Earn Ireland Ridicule, $443 Million Bill". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  49. ^ Colm Kelpie (13 July 2016). "'Leprechaun economics' - Ireland's 26pc growth spurt laughed off as 'farcical'". Irish Independent. Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  50. ^ Gibbs, Samuel (24 January 2018). "Qualcomm fined €997m by EU for paying Apple to exclusively use its chips". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  51. ^ "EU fines Mastercard more than half a billion euros | DW | 22.01.2019". DW.COM.
  52. ^ "Statement by Commissioner Vestager on Commission decision to fine Google € 1.49 billion for abusive practices in online advertising". European Commission. Brussels. 20 March 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
  53. ^ Amaro, Silvia (10 September 2019). "Margrethe Vestager is set to remain EU competition chief for another five years". www.cnbc.com. CNBC.
  54. ^ Robert, Aline (April 10, 2019). "Vestager campaigns on hostile French territory". EURACTIV. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
  55. ^ Toplensky, Rochelle; Barker, Alex; Milne, Richard (February 14, 2019). "Margrethe Vestager's hopes of top EU role hit by rail deal veto". Financial Times. Archived from the original on December 11, 2022. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
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  68. ^ Schickler, Jack (8 December 2023). "Spain's Nadia Calviño wins fight to head EU Investment Bank". Euronews. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
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  72. ^ Margarethe Vestager: Declaration of interests Archived 2015-04-18 at the Wayback Machine European Commission.
  73. ^ Members European Council on Foreign Relations.
  74. ^ "Patron Saint's Day 2017: interviews with the new honorary doctors".
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  76. ^ Sabella, Marco (20 March 2019). "Battaglia sui salvataggi. Vestager: «Risoluzione decisa da Bankitalia». Palazzo Koch: «Ue negò l'intervento»" [Rescue battle. Vestager: «Resolution decided by Bank of Italy». Palazzo Koch: «EU denied intervention»]. Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Retrieved 18 June 2024.
  77. ^ Guarascio, Francesco (29 May 2019). "In blow to Italy, EU's Vestager appeals ruling over bank rescue". Reuters. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
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  79. ^ "Margrethe Vestager dares take the fight to the giants — Nordic Labour Journal".
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Media related to Margrethe Vestager at Wikimedia Commons

Party political offices
Preceded by Chair of the Social Liberal Party
1993–1997 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Leader of the Social Liberal Party in the Folketing
2007–2011 		Succeeded by
Leader of the Social Liberal Party
2007–2014 		Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs
1998–2000 		Succeeded by
Minister of Education
1998–2001 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Deputy Prime Minister of Denmark
2011–2014 		Succeeded by
Preceded byas Minister of the Economy Minister of the Economy and Interior
2011–2014
Preceded byas Minister of the Interior
Preceded by Danish European Commissioner
2014–present 		Incumbent
Preceded by European Commissioner for Competition
2014–present
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margrethe_Vestager&oldid=1260204424"