Leader of the Labour Party (UK)
| Leader of the Labour Party | |
|---|---|
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| Status | Party leader |
| Member of | National Executive Committee |
| Precursor | Chair of the PLP |
| Inaugural holder | Keir Hardie |
| Formation | 17 January 1906 |
| Deputy | Deputy Leader of the Labour Party |
The leader of the Labour Party is the highest position within the United Kingdom's Labour Party. The current holder of the position is Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Keir Starmer, who was elected to the position on 4 April 2020, following his victory in the party's leadership election.
The post of Leader of the Labour Party was officially created in 1922. Before this, between when Labour MPs were first elected in 1906 and the general election in 1922, when substantial gains were made, the post was known as Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party.[1] In 1970, the positions of leader of the Labour Party and chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party were separated.
In 1921, John R. Clynes became the first leader of the Labour Party to have been born in England; all party leaders before him had been born in Scotland. In 1924, Ramsay MacDonald became the first Labour prime minister, leading a minority government which lasted nine months. Clement Attlee would become the first Labour leader to lead a majority government in 1945. The first to be born in Wales was Neil Kinnock, who was elected in 1983. The most recent party leader to not be from England is Gordon Brown, who was born in Scotland. The only Labour leaders not to contest a general election (excluding temporary acting leaders) are George Lansbury (who stood down) and John Smith (who died in office).[a]
Clement Attlee, Harold Wilson, Tony Blair and Sir Keir Starmer remain the only four leaders to have led the party to victory in general elections. Out of the four, Blair is the most successful, having won three consecutive electoral victories in 1997, 2001 (both landslide victories), and 2005. Wilson won four general elections out of five contested, in 1964, 1966, February 1974 and October 1974. Attlee, the first leader to lead Labour to a majority won the general elections of 1945 and 1950. In addition, Labour also won the popular vote in 1951 by securing nearly 49 percent of the voteshare (however Labour won fewer seats than the Conservatives). Starmer, having been appointed after a poor party result in 2019, led a revival in fortunes and oversaw a landslide in 2024.
When the Labour Party is in government, as it currently is, the leader usually becomes the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, first lord of the Treasury and minister for the civil service, as well as appointing the cabinet. Concordantly, when the Labour Party is in opposition, the leader would usually act (as the second-largest party) as the leader of the Opposition, and chair the shadow cabinet.
Selection process
[edit]Unlike other British political party leaders, the Labour leader does not have the power to dismiss or appoint their deputy. Both the leader and deputy leader are elected by an alternative vote system. [2]
From 1980 to 2014 an electoral college was used, with a third of the votes allocated to the Party's MPs and MEPs, a third to individual members of the Labour Party, and a third to individual members of all affiliated organisations, including socialist societies and trade unions.
The 2015 leadership election used a "one member, one vote" system, in which the votes of party members and members of affiliated organisations are counted equally. MPs' and MEPs' votes are not counted separately, although a candidate needs to receive the support of 10% of Labour MPs in order to appear on the ballot.[3]
Leaders of the Labour Party (1906–present)
[edit]- Note: the right-hand column does not allocate height proportional to time in office.
A list of leaders (including acting leaders) since 1906.[4]
| No. | Leader (birth–death) |
Constituency | Took office | Left office | Elections fought | Tenure | Prime Minister (term) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Keir Hardie (1856–1915) |
|
Merthyr Tydfil | 17 February 1906 | 22 January 1908 | 1906 | 1 year, 339 days | Campbell-Bannerman 1905–1908 | |
| 2 | Arthur Henderson (1863–1935) (1st time) |
|
Barnard Castle | 22 January 1908 | 14 February 1910 | Jan 1910 | 2 years, 24 days | ||
| Asquith 1908–1916 | |||||||||
| 3 | George Barnes (1859–1940) |
|
Glasgow Blackfriars and Hutchesontown | 14 February 1910 | 6 February 1911 | Dec 1910 | 358 days | ||
| 4 | Ramsay MacDonald (1866–1937) (1st time) |
|
Leicester | 6 February 1911 | 5 August 1914 | ― | 3 years, 181 days | ||
| (2) | Arthur Henderson (1863–1935) (2nd time) |
|
Barnard Castle | 5 August 1914 | 24 October 1917 | ― | 3 years, 81 days | ||
| Lloyd George 1916–1922 | |||||||||
| 5 | William Adamson (1863–1936) |
|
West Fife | 24 October 1917 | 14 February 1921 | 1918 | 3 years, 113 days | ||
| 6 | J. R. Clynes (1869–1949) |
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|
Manchester Platting | 14 February 1921 | 21 November 1922 | 1922 | 1 year, 281 days | ||
| Law 1922–1923 | |||||||||
| (4) | Ramsay MacDonald (1866–1937) (2nd time) |
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|
Aberavon | 21 November 1922 (elected) |
28 August 1931 | 1923 | 8 years, 280 days | ||
| Baldwin 1923–1924 | |||||||||
| Himself 1924 | |||||||||
| Baldwin 1924–1929 | |||||||||
| Himself 1929–1931 | |||||||||
| (2) | Arthur Henderson (1863–1935) (3rd time) |
|
Burnley (1931) None[b] (1931–1932) |
28 August 1931 (unopposed) |
25 October 1932 | 1931 | 1 year, 59 days | MacDonald 1931–1935 | |
| 7 | George Lansbury (1859–1940) |
|
Bow and Bromley | 25 October 1932 (unopposed) |
8 October 1935 | ― | 2 years, 349 days | ||
| Baldwin 1935–1937 | |||||||||
| 8 | Clement Attlee (1883–1967) |
|
Limehouse (1935–1950) Walthamstow West (1950–1955) |
25 October 1935 (elected) |
7 December 1955[5] | 1935 | 20 years, 44 days | ||
| Chamberlain 1937–1940 | |||||||||
| Churchill 1940–1945 | |||||||||
| Himself 1945–1951 | |||||||||
| Churchill 1951–1955 | |||||||||
| Eden 1955–1957 | |||||||||
| ― | Herbert Morrison[c] (1888–1965) |
|
Lewisham South | 7 December 1955 | 14 December 1955 | ― | 7 days | ||
| 9 | Hugh Gaitskell (1906–1963) |
|
Leeds South | 14 December 1955 (elected) |
18 January 1963 (died in office) |
1959 | 7 years, 36 days | ||
| Macmillan 1957–1963 | |||||||||
| ― | George Brown[c] (1914–1985) |
|
Belper | 18 January 1963 | 14 February 1963 | ― | 28 days | ||
| 10 | Harold Wilson (1916–1995) |
 |
Huyton | 14 February 1963 (elected) |
5 April 1976 | 1964 | 13 years, 50 days | ||
| Douglas-Home 1963–1964 | |||||||||
| Himself 1964–1970 | |||||||||
| Heath 1970–1974 | |||||||||
| Himself 1974–1976 | |||||||||
| 11 | James Callaghan (1912–2005) |
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|
Cardiff South East | 5 April 1976 (elected) |
10 November 1980 | 1979 | 4 years, 221 days | Himself 1976–1979 | |
| Thatcher 1979–1990 | |||||||||
| 12 | Michael Foot (1913–2010) |
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|
Ebbw Vale | 10 November 1980 (elected) |
2 October 1983 | 1983 | 2 years, 327 days | ||
| 13 | Neil Kinnock (b. 1942) |
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|
Islwyn | 2 October 1983 (elected) |
18 July 1992 | 1987 | 8 years, 291 days | ||
| Major 1990–1997 | |||||||||
| 14 | John Smith (1938–1994) |
|
Monklands East | 18 July 1992 (elected) |
12 May 1994 (died in office) |
― | 1 year, 299 days | ||
| ― | Margaret Beckett[c] (b. 1943) (acting) |
|
Derby South | 12 May 1994 | 21 July 1994 | ― | 71 days | ||
| 15 | Tony Blair (b. 1953) |
|
Sedgefield | 21 July 1994 (elected) |
24 June 2007 | 1997 | 12 years, 341 days | ||
| Himself 1997–2007 | |||||||||
| 16 | Gordon Brown (b. 1951) |
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|
Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath | 24 June 2007 (unopposed) |
11 May 2010 | 2010 | 2 years, 319 days | Himself 2007–2010 | |
| ― | Harriet Harman[c] (b. 1950) (acting: 1st time) |
|
Camberwell and Peckham | 11 May 2010 | 25 September 2010 | ― | 138 days | Cameron 2010–2016 | |
| 17 | Ed Miliband (b. 1969) |
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|
Doncaster North | 25 September 2010 (elected) |
8 May 2015 | 2015 | 4 years, 157 days | ||
| ― | Harriet Harman[c] (b. 1950) (acting: 2nd time) |
|
Camberwell and Peckham | 8 May 2015 | 12 September 2015 | ― | 128 days | ||
| 18 | Jeremy Corbyn (b. 1949) |
|
Islington North | 12 September 2015 (elected) |
4 April 2020 | 2017 | 4 years, 226 days | ||
| May 2016–2019 | |||||||||
| Johnson 2019–2022 | |||||||||
| 19 | Sir Keir Starmer (b. 1962) |
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|
Holborn and St Pancras | 4 April 2020 (elected) |
Incumbent | 2024 | 4 years, 261 days[d] | ||
| Truss Sep–Oct 2022 | |||||||||
| Sunak 2022–2024 | |||||||||
| Himself 2024–present | |||||||||
Timeline
[edit]
Leaders in the House of Lords
[edit]Retirement
[edit]It is not uncommon for a retired leader of the Labour Party to be granted a peerage upon their retirement, particularly if they served as prime minister; examples of this include Clement Attlee and Harold Wilson. However, Neil Kinnock was also elevated to the House of Lords, despite never being prime minister, and Michael Foot declined a similar offer.
See also
[edit]
- History of the Labour Party (UK)
- Labour Party leadership of Keir Starmer
- Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)
- Leader of the Liberal Democrats
Notes
[edit]- ^ See Labour's electoral performance.
- ^ Henderson was defeated in his Burnley seat in the 1931 election, and did not return to Parliament during his third term as leader. George Lansbury acted as the Labour parliamentary leader, until formally succeeding Henderson as party leader.
- ^ a b c d e Deputy Leaders who assumed the role of party leader temporarily because of the death or resignation of the incumbent, serving until the election of a new leader. As they were not elected or appointed in an official capacity, they are not included in the order count. Herbert Morrison acted as leader for the seven days between Clement Attlee's resignation and Hugh Gaitskell's election as leader. George Brown and Margaret Beckett acted as leader following deaths of Gaitskell and John Smith, respectively. Harriet Harman acted as leader twice when Gordon Brown and Ed Miliband resigned.
- ^ As of 21 December 2024
References
[edit]- ^ Thorpe, Andrew. (2001) A History of the British Labour Party, Palgrave, ISBN 0-333-92908-X
- ^ Leeds de Melo, J (2003), Primary elections and party conferences — Democracy in political parties: UK, France, Germany and Italy, Routledge, 202 p.
- ^ "Labour proposals 'all-but guarantee leftwing Corbyn successor'". www.msn.com. Retrieved 2018-07-01.
- ^ Boothroyd, David. "Leaders of the Labour Party". election.demon.co.uk. United Kingdom Election Results. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
- ^ Nicklaus Thomas-Symonds (2010), Attlee: A Life in Politics, London: I B Tauris, p. 260
Further reading
[edit]- Clarke, Charles; James, Toby S. (2015). British Labour Leaders. London: Biteback.