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Reggio Emilia

Coordinates: 44°42′N 10°38′E / 44.700°N 10.633°E / 44.700; 10.633
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Reggio nell' Emilia)
For the province, see Province of Reggio Emilia. For the educational method, see Reggio Emilia approach. For the basketball club, see Pallacanestro Reggiana.
Reggio Emilia
Rèz (Emilian)
Comune
Comune di Reggio nell'Emilia
Piazza San Prospero in Reggio Emilia
Piazza San Prospero in Reggio Emilia
Flag of Reggio Emilia
Flag
Coat of arms of Reggio Emilia
Coat of arms
Location of Reggio Emilia
Map
Reggio Emilia is located in Italy
Reggio Emilia
Reggio Emilia
Location of Reggio Emilia in Italy
Reggio Emilia is located in Emilia-Romagna
Reggio Emilia
Reggio Emilia
Reggio Emilia (Emilia-Romagna)
Coordinates: 44°42′N 10°38′E / 44.700°N 10.633°E / 44.700; 10.633[1]
CountryItaly
RegionEmilia-Romagna
ProvinceReggio Emilia (RE)
Frazionisee list
Government
 • MayorMarco Massari (PD)
Area
[2]
 • Total
231 km2 (89 sq mi)
Elevation
58 m (190 ft)
Population
 (31 December 2017)[3]
 • Total
171,944
 • Density740/km2 (1,900/sq mi)
DemonymReggiano
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
42121-42122-42123-42124
Dialing code0522
Patron saintSan Prospero
Saint dayNovember 24
WebsiteOfficial website

Reggio nell'Emilia[a] (Emilian: Rèz; Latin: Regium Lepidi), usually referred to as Reggio Emilia, or simply Reggio by its inhabitants, and known until 1861 as Reggio di Lombardia,[b] is a city in northern Italy, in the Emilia-Romagna region. It has about 171,944 inhabitants[1] and is the main comune (municipality) of the province of Reggio Emilia.

Historical population
YearPop.±%
186146,856—    
187150,955+8.7%
188150,759−0.4%
190158,993+16.2%
191170,955+20.3%
192182,011+15.6%
193189,605+9.3%
193693,913+4.8%
1951106,726+13.6%
1961116,445+9.1%
1971128,789+10.6%
1981130,376+1.2%
1991132,030+1.3%
2001141,877+7.5%
2011162,082+14.2%
2021169,908+4.8%
Source: ISTAT

The inhabitants of Reggio nell'Emilia are called Reggiani, while the inhabitants of Reggio di Calabria, in the southwest of the country, are called Reggini.

The old town has a hexagonal form, which derives from the ancient walls, and the main buildings are from the 16th–17th centuries. The commune's territory lies entirely on a plain, crossed by the Crostolo stream.

History

[edit]
See also: Timeline of Reggio Emilia

Ancient and early Middle Ages

[edit]

Reggio began as a historical site with the construction by Marcus Aemilius Lepidus of the Via Aemilia, leading from Piacenza to Rimini (187 BC). Reggio became a judicial administration centre, with a forum called at first Regium Lepidi, then simply Regium, whence the city's current name.

During the Roman age Regium is cited only by Festus and Cicero, as one of the military stations on the Via Aemilia. However, it was a flourishing city, a Municipium with its own statutes, magistrates and art colleges.

Apollinaris of Ravenna brought Christianity in the 1st century CE. The sources confirm the presence of a bishopric in Reggio after the Edict of Milan (313). In 440 the Reggio diocese was placed under the jurisdiction of Ravenna by Western Roman Emperor Valentinianus III. At the end of the 4th century, however, Reggio had decayed so much that Saint Ambrose included it among the dilapidated cities. Further damage occurred with the Barbarian invasions. After the deposition of Romulus Augustulus in 476 Reggio was part of Odoacer's realm. In 489 it came under Ostrogothic control; from 539 it was part of the Roman Empire (Italy), but was taken by Alboin's Lombards in 569. Reggio was chosen as Duchy of Reggio seat.

Panorama with basilica della Ghiara.

In 773, the Franks took Reggio. Charlemagne gave the bishop the authority to exercise royal authority over the city and established the diocese' limits (781). In 888, Reggio was handed over to the Kings of Italy. In 899, the Magyars heavily damaged it, killing Bishop Azzo II. As a result of this, new walls were built. On 31 October 900 Emperor Louis III gave authority for the erection of a castrum (castle) in the city's centre.

In 1002, Reggio's territory, together with that of Parma, Brescia, Modena, Mantua and Ferrara, were merged into the March of Tuscany, later held by Matilde of Canossa.

Free commune

[edit]
The defence of the Carroccio during the battle of Legnano (1176) by Amos Cassioli (1832–1891)

Reggio became a free commune around the end of the 11th or the beginning of the 12th century. In 1167 it was a member of the Lombard League and took part in the Battle of Legnano. In 1183 the city signed the Treaty of Konstanz, from which the city's consul, Rolando della Carità, received the imperial investiture. The subsequent peace spurred a period of prosperity: Reggio adopted new statutes, had a mint, schools with celebrated masters, and developed its trades and arts. It also increasingly subjugated the castles of the neighbouring areas. At this time the Crostolo stream was deviated westwards, to gain space for the city. The former course of the stream was turned into an avenue called Corso della Ghiara (gravel), nowadays Corso Garibaldi.

The 12th and 13th century, however, were also a period of violent internal struggle between the Scopazzati (meaning "swept away from the city with brooms", noblemen) and Mazzaperlini (meaning "lice killers", plebeians) parties, and later those of Ruggeri and Malaguzzi, involved in a bitter domestic rivalry. In 1152 Reggio also warred with Parma and in 1225 with Modena, as part of the general struggle between the Guelphs and Ghibellines. In 1260 25,000 penitents, led by a Perugine hermit, entered the city, and this event calmed the situation for a while, spurring a momentous flourishing of religious fervour. But disputes soon resurfaced, and as early as 1265 the Ghibellines killed the Guelph's leader, Caco da Reggio, and gained preeminence. Arguments with the Bishop continued and two new parties formed, the Inferiori and Superiori. Final victory went to the latter.

Palazzo del Monte in Piazza del Duomo, with the Fountain of River Crostolo.
Piazza Prampolini.

To thwart the abuses of powerful families such as the Sessi, Fogliani and Canossa, the Senate of Reggio gave the city's rule for a period of three years to Obizzo II d'Este. This choice marked the future path of Reggio under the seignory of the latter's family, as Obizzo continued to rule de facto after his mandate has ceased. His son Azzo was expelled by the Reggiani in 1306, creating a republic ruled by 800 common people. In 1310 the Emperor Henry VII imposed Marquis Spinetto Malaspina as vicar, but he was soon driven out. The republic ended in 1326 when Cardinal Bertrando del Poggetto annexed Reggio to the Papal States.

The city was subsequently under the suzerainty of John of Bohemia, Nicolò Fogliani and Mastino II della Scala, who in 1336 gave it to Luigi Gonzaga. Gonzaga built a citadel in the St. Nazario quarter, and destroyed 144 houses. In 1356 the Milanese Visconti, helped by 2,000 exiled Reggiani, captured the city, starting an unsettled period of powersharing with the Gonzaga. In the end the latter sold Reggio to the Visconti for 5,000 ducats. In 1405 Ottobono Terzi of Parma seized Reggio, but was killed by Michele Attendolo, who handed the city over to Nicolò III d'Este, who therefore became seignor of Reggio. The city, however, maintained a relevant autonomy, with laws and coinage of its own. Niccolò was succeeded by his illegitimate son Lionello, and, from 1450, by Borso d'Este.

The Baroque church of San Giorgio.

Duchy of Reggio

[edit]
Main articles: Duchy of Reggio and Duchy of Modena and Reggio

In 1452, Borso was awarded the title of Duke of Modena and Reggio by Frederick III. Borso's successor, Ercole I, imposed heavy levies on the city and appointed the poet Matteo Maria Boiardo, born in the nearby town of Scandiano, as its governor. Later another famous Italian writer, Francesco Guicciardini, held the same position. In 1474, Ludovico Ariosto, author of Orlando Furioso, was born in the Malaguzzi palace, near the present day townhall. He was the first son of a knight from Ferrara, who was in charge of the Citadel, and a noblewoman from Reggio, Daria Maleguzzi Valeri. As a grown man he would be sent to Reggio as governor on behalf of the dukes of Ferrara, and would spend time in a villa outside the town ("Il Mauriziano") that still stands.

In 1513, Reggio was handed over to Pope Julius II. The city was returned to the Este after the death of Hadrian VI on 29 September 1523. In 1551 Ercole II d'Este destroyed the suburbs of the city in his program of reconstruction of the walls. At the end of the century work on the city's famous Basilica della Ghiara began, on the site where a miracle was believed to have occurred. The Este rule continued until 1796, with short interruptions in 1702 and 1733–1734.

Napoleonic age and restoration

[edit]
The "Tricolore's Room", in the Town Hall, is where for the first time the current Italian flag's three colours were adopted.
Villa Levi (now belonging a Department of Animal Sciences of University of Bologna).

The arrival of the republican French troops was greeted with enthusiasm in the city. On 21 August 1796, the ducal garrison of 600 men was driven off, and the Senate claimed the rule of Reggio and its duchy. On 26 September, the Provisional Government's volunteers pushed back an Austrian column, in the Battle of Montechiarugolo. Though minor, this clash is considered the first one of the Italian Risorgimento. Napoleon himself awarded the Reggiani with 500 rifles and 4 guns. Later he occupied Emilia and formed a new province, the Cispadane Republic, whose existence was proclaimed in Reggio on 7 January 1797. The Italian national flag, named Il Tricolore (three-colours flag), was sewn on that occasion by Reggio women. In this period of patriotic fervour, Jozef Wybicki, a lieutenant in the Polish troops of General Jan Henryk Dąbrowski, an ally of Napoleon, composed in Reggio the Mazurek Dąbrowskiego, which in 1927 became the Polish national anthem.

Piazza San Prospero seen from the patron saint's basilica.

The 1815 Treaty of Vienna returned Reggio to Francis IV of Austria-Este, but in 1831 Modena rose up against him, and Reggio followed its example organizing a corps under the command of General Carlo Zucchi. However, on 9 March, the Duke conquered the city with his escort of Austrian soldiers.

In 1848, Duke Francis V left his state fearing a revolution and Reggio proclaimed its union with Piedmont. The latter's defeat at the Novara brought the city back under the Este control. In 1859 Reggio, under dictator Luigi Carlo Farini, became part of the united Italy and, with the plebiscite of 10 March 1860, definitively entered the new unified Kingdom.

Contemporary history

[edit]

Reggio then went through a period of economic and population growth from 1873 to the destruction of the ancient walls. In 1911, it had 70,000 inhabitants. A strong socialist tradition grew. On 7 July, the city hosted the 13th National Congress of the Italian Socialist Party. On 26 July 1943, the fascist régime's fall was cheered with enthusiasm by the Reggiani. Numerous partisan bands were formed in the city and surrounding countryside.

On 27 April 2023 the City of Reggio Emilia is one of the winner of the prize European Capitals of Inclusion and Diversity.[6]

Jewish history

[edit]

Jews began arriving to Reggio in the early 15th century. Many Jews were Sephardim from Spain, Portugal and other parts of Italy. Nearly all were fleeing religious persecution. The Jewish community was prosperous and enjoyed considerable growth for the next several hundred years. The Synagogue of Reggio Emilia was relocated in 1672 into the ghetto, and rebuilt in 1858.[7]

After the Napoleonic era the Jews of Reggio gained emancipation and began to migrate to other parts of Europe looking for greater economic and social freedom. Thus, the Jewish community in Reggio began to lower. The German occupation during World War II and the Holocaust hastened the decline. Today, only one Jew remains in Reggio Emilia.[8] The Jewish Community of Reggio Emilia was merged with Modena's. However, an unused synagogue and burial ground still exist. In 2016 the City Council posed some small street plates in front of the houses of the deported Jews to preserve their remembrance.[9]

Many notable rabbinic scholars have resided in Reggio. These include Isaac Foa, Immanuel Sonino, Obadiah ben Israel Sforno, Nathan ben Reuben David Spira, Menahem Azariah Fano, Baruch Abraham ben Elhanan David Foa, Hezekiah ben Isaac Foa, Isaac ben Vardama Foa, Israel Nissim Foa, Israel Solomon Longhi, Isaiah Mordecai ben Israel Hezekiah Bassani, Israel Benjamin ben Isaiah Bassani, Elhanan David Carmi, Benjamin ben Eliezer ha-Kohen, Joshua ben Raphael Fermi, Moses Benjamin Foa, Abram Michael Fontanella, Judah Ḥayyim Fontanella, Israel Berechiah Fontanella, Raphael Jehiel Sanguinetti, Isaac Samson d'Angeli, R. J. Bolognese, Hananiah Elhanan Ḥai ha-Kohen, Jacob Levi, Moses Benjamin Levi, Israel Berechiah Sanguinetti, David Jacob Maroni, Giuseppe Lattes, Alessandro da Fano, Lazzaro Laide Tedesco, and Shimshon Chaim Nachmani.[10] [11][12]

Climate

[edit]

The climate in Reggio Emilia is temperate continental, with hot rather moist summers (the temperatures can sometimes rise above 35 °C) (95 °F) and fairly frigid winters with frequent frosts (the temperatures can go below -10 °C) (14 °F).[13] Precipitations are evenly distributed all year long, but October, November and April are the most rainy months, while July and January are the most arid.[14][15] In the city you can rarely see snow, even though almost every year there is a period when it is snowing. Due to the rather high temperatures, it does not settle, or if it does, the layer of snow is not very consistent.

During Autumn and Winter it is very common, especially in the areas outside the city, to encounter very thick fog, even though nowadays it is less frequent than in the past. Other meteorological phenomena that one can expect in the area is the hard rain, freezing rain during winter, and hail during summer but rarely during spring.

The area is not particularly windy and there are often days of total calm, especially during the anticyclonic phases in winter, while spring is more ventilated.[16] The most intense winds are the ones blowing from North-East (Bora) or from South-West (Libeccio). The latter, during its descent from the Northern Apennines, it sometimes tends to become a downslope wind and thus being very dry and hot. In rare and particular conditions, the downwind of the Alps, the Foehn, can reach Reggio Emilia from the North-West. In Reggio Emilia, the average annual high temperature is 18 °C (64 °F), the annual low temperature is 9 °C (48 °F), and the annual precipitation is 700 millimetres (27.56 inches).

Climate data for Reggio Emilia (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 7.6
(45.7) 		10.5
(50.9) 		16.1
(61.0) 		20.1
(68.2) 		25.1
(77.2) 		29.7
(85.5) 		32.3
(90.1) 		32.0
(89.6) 		26.2
(79.2) 		19.3
(66.7) 		12.5
(54.5) 		7.9
(46.2) 		19.9
(67.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 4.3
(39.7) 		6.3
(43.3) 		11.0
(51.8) 		14.8
(58.6) 		19.5
(67.1) 		23.9
(75.0) 		26.1
(79.0) 		26.2
(79.2) 		21.1
(70.0) 		15.3
(59.5) 		9.3
(48.7) 		4.5
(40.1) 		15.2
(59.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1.1
(34.0) 		2.2
(36.0) 		5.9
(42.6) 		9.5
(49.1) 		13.9
(57.0) 		18.1
(64.6) 		20.3
(68.5) 		20.2
(68.4) 		15.9
(60.6) 		11.5
(52.7) 		6.6
(43.9) 		1.9
(35.4) 		10.6
(51.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 35.9
(1.41) 		49.5
(1.95) 		50.5
(1.99) 		72.8
(2.87) 		66.7
(2.63) 		65.6
(2.58) 		35.8
(1.41) 		35.9
(1.41) 		62.0
(2.44) 		82.6
(3.25) 		93.5
(3.68) 		55.0
(2.17) 		705.8
(27.79)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 5 6 6 8 6 6 3 5 6 8 8 6 73
Source 1: Arpae Emilia-Romagna[17]
Source 2: Climi e viaggi (precipitation days)[18]

Government

[edit]
See also: List of mayors of Reggio Emilia

Childhood education

[edit]
Main article: Reggio Emilia approach

The Reggio Emilia approach to preschool education was started by the schools of Reggio Emilia after World War II and is well known around the world. It is based and inspired on theories of Malaguzzi, Bruner, Vygotsky, Dewey, Piaget and Gardner. Reggio Emilia holds the Loris Malaguzzi International Centre, a modern structure where the Reggio Emilia approach is implemented, exported and spread around the world.[19]

Economy

[edit]

The economy of the province of Reggio Emilia was for a long time based on agriculture. One typical product, known worldwide and imitated, is Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese. Another is Lambrusco wine. Reggio Emilia produce also the[20] "Balsamic Vinegar", a condiment for salad but also cheese, strawberries and many other dishes. In the twentieth century Reggio Emilia and its territory saw also a rapid development of small and medium industries, particularly in the sector of agricultural machinery.
For more than 100 years, there has been a strong tradition that supported the development of consumers'cooperatives, as well as, building and banking cooperatives. New developments in mechanics and information technology are at the origin of some new companies operating in mechatronics.
Another well-established sector is the ceramic tiles industry (mainly concentrated in the districts of Scandiano and Casalgrande).
Other leading sectors include: electronics (Cellular Line, Phonocar, RCF audio); finance (Credito Emiliano); fashion (Marina Rinaldi, Max Mara); food (Newlat); machinery (ARGO SpA, Emak, Interpump Group, Landi Renzo, Lombardini S.r.l.; Preston & Barbieri, Smeg (appliances)); utilities (Iren [it]).

The industrial growth has attracted immigration from North and Central Africa, East Europe, and Far East (China, Pakistan, India). The immigration rate in the province is about 25%. Researches on the quality of life[21] indicate that in recent years Reggio Emilia is in very good position among Italian provinces.

Transport

[edit]

Reggio Emilia railway station, opened in 1859, forms part of the Milan–Bologna railway. It is also a terminus of three secondary railways, linking Reggio Emilia with Ciano d'Enza, Guastalla and Sassuolo, respectively. The station is situated at Piazza Guglielmo Marconi, at the eastern edge of the city centre.

The other major railway station, Reggio Emilia AV Mediopadana, is on the Milan–Bologna high-speed railway (there is also a connection with Reggio Emilia-Guastalla railway). It is located at the Mancasale locality, approximately 4 kilometres (2.5 miles) north from the city centre.

Along with this, there is a plan to construct a tram in the city.[22] The tram will run from the Mancasale Industrial zone in the north to Rivalta in the south, stopping at the Reggio Emilia AV Mediopadana railway station, Reggio Emilia railway station and other neighborhoods.[22] The tram system has undergone a feasibility study,[23] and is set to open in 2026.[24]

Sports

[edit]

Reggio Emilia is home to various professional sports clubs and arenas:

The main sports venues in the city are:

  • Stadio Città del Tricolore (23,717 capacity), located near the A1 highway and home to Reggiana and U.S. Sassuolo home games.
  • PalaBigi (4,500 capacity), located in city centre.
  • Stadio Mirabello (4,500 capacity), located in the city centre.
  • Palasport Fanticini, located in the Tribunal hub.
  • Stadio Canalina, located in the Canalina borough.

Main sights

[edit]

Religious buildings

[edit]
Tempio della Beata Vergine della Ghiara

Secular buildings

[edit]
Old town street
Palazzo Ducale

Bridges

[edit]
  • Autostrada A1 bridges, three bridges designed by Santiago Calatrava and opened in 2005–2006.[25] The three bridges connect the Austostrada del Sole A1 (the main Italian north to south motorway) to the city of Reggio Emilia.[25] A central arch bridge spans the Milan-Bologna high-speed railway line and the motorway, while twin cable-stayed bridges are at either end.[25][26] The twin bridges pass over service roundabouts and access roads to allow connections with the adjacent Reggio Emilia AV Mediopadana high-speed railway station.[25]
In 2009, the European Convention for Constructional Steelwork gave the three bridges a European Steel Design Award, stating that the twin bridges' original visual effects at different angles give the two bridges "the aspect of huge musical instruments."[26]

Painters and sculptors

[edit]

People

[edit]

Frazioni (hamlets)

[edit]

- Bagno - Cadè - Canali - Cavazzoli - Castellazzo - Cella - Codemondo - Corticella - Coviolo - Fogliano - Gaida - Gavassa - Gavasseto - Mancasale - Marmirolo - Masone - Massenzatico - Ospizio - Pieve Modolena - Pratofontana - Rivalta - Roncadella - Roncocesi - Sabbione - San Bartolomeo - San Maurizio - San Pellegrino - San Prospero Strinati - Sesso.

Boroughs

[edit]

- Acque Chiare - Baragalla - Buco del Signore - Canalina - Centro Storico (Historical Centre) - Lungocrostolo - Mirabello - Ospedale (Hospital) - Ospizio - Quartier Giardino - Rosta Nuova - Stazione (Railway station)

International relations

[edit]

Twin towns – sister cities

[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy

Reggio Emilia is twinned with:[30]

Friendship

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Pronunciation: US: /ˈrɛdʒ(i)oʊ ˌnɛlɛˈmiːljə/;[4][5] Italian: [ˈreddʒo nelleˈmiːlja; ˈrɛddʒo -] ⓘ.
  2. ^ Literally "Reggio of Lombardy".

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Istat". Retrieved 2017-06-13.
  2. ^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  3. ^ Population data from Istat
  4. ^ "Reggio nell'Emilia". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  5. ^ "Reggio". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  6. ^ "Press corner".
  7. ^ "Community of Reggio Emilia". Beit Hatfutsot Open Databases Project, The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot.
  8. ^ Nicolò, Vasc. "Gli ebrei reggiani dal 1945 a oggi". reggioebraica.it. Reggio Ebraica.
  9. ^ "Dieci "pietre" per gli ebrei reggiani morti ad Auschwitz". Gazzetta di Reggio. December 2, 2014.
  10. ^ "Reggio Emilia". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2011-04-05.
  11. ^ "Reggio". JewishEncyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2011-04-05.
  12. ^ "About the Author". 24 September 2017.
  13. ^ "Arpa Servizio IdroMeteo".
  14. ^ "Arpa Servizio IdroMeteo".
  15. ^ "Arpa Servizio IdroMeteo".
  16. ^ "Atlante Eolico".
  17. ^ "Tabelle climatologiche". Arpae Emilia-Romagna agenzia prevenzione ambiente energia. Retrieved 30 June 2024.
  18. ^ "Clima - Reggio Emilia (Emilia Romagna)". Climi e viaggi. Retrieved 27 November 2024.
  19. ^ Accessed 10 July 2011. Archived February 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ ""Balsamic vinegar"". Italiaregina.it. Retrieved 2016-02-05.
  21. ^ "research on quality of life". Il Sole 24 Ore.
  22. ^ a b "Un tram attraverserà Reggio Emilia: ecco il progetto. VIDEO Reggionline -Telereggio – Ultime notizie Reggio Emilia |". www.reggionline.com. Retrieved 2023-12-31.
  23. ^ "Tram Reggio Emilia". GO-Mobility (in Italian). Retrieved 2023-12-31.
  24. ^ https://www.studiox.bg (2023-12-20). "Reggio Emilia looks forward to getting its first tramway line | TheMayor.EU". www.themayor.eu. Retrieved 2023-12-31. {{cite web}}: External link in |last= (help)
  25. ^ a b c d "Twin Stayed Road Bridges Reggio Emilia". Milan, Italy: Redailli Tecna S.P.A. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
  26. ^ a b "Three bridges in Reggio Emilia (Italy)" (PDF). European Steel Design Awards 2009. Brussels, Belgium: General Secretariat, European Convention for Constructional Steelwork. 2009. pp. 16–17. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 5, 2017. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
  27. ^ Ascarelli, Alessanda (2004). "Gucciardi, Giovanni", Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Vol. 61. Treccani. Online version retrieved 1 October 2013 (in Italian).
  28. ^ Council of Europe (2011). "Intercultural city: Reggio Emilia, Italy". coe.int. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
  29. ^ "Eurotowns – The future's city network in Europe (2019)". Eurotowns.
  30. ^ "Gemellaggi e dichiarazioni di amicizia". comune.re.it (in Italian). Reggio nell'Emilia. Retrieved 2019-12-16.

Bibliography

[edit]
See also: Timeline of Reggio Emilia § Bibliography
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reggio_Emilia&oldid=1259819023"