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PolyGram Filmed Entertainment

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This article is about the defunct PolyGram Filmed Entertainment whose assets belong to Universal Pictures. For the former record company and Universal Music Group's current film unit, see PolyGram.

PolyGram Filmed Entertainment
FormerlyFilmworks (1975–1976)
Casablanca Record & Filmworks (1976–1980)
PolyGram Pictures (1980–1983)
Company typeSubsidiary
PredecessorCasablanca Filmworks
Founded1975; 49 years ago (1975)
FoundersPeter Guber
Defunct1999; 25 years ago (1999)
FateAcquired by Seagram and folded into Universal Pictures; most of the pre-spring 1996 library sold to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Some of its North American distribution assets sold to USA Networks
SuccessorsStudio:
Universal Pictures
USA Films
Focus Features
PolyGram Entertainment
Library:
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
(pre-April 1996 films with exceptions)
Universal Pictures
(post-March 1996 films with exceptions and some pre-March 1996 films)
Owner
Parent
  • PolyGram (1980–1998)
  • Universal Pictures (1998–1999)
DivisionsPolyGram Television
PolyGram Video

PolyGram Filmed Entertainment (formerly known as Filmworks, Casablanca Records & Filmworks, PolyGram Films and PolyGram Pictures or simply PFE) was a film production company founded in 1975 as an American film studio, which became a European competitor to Hollywood within two decades, but was eventually sold to Seagram Company Ltd. in 1998 and was folded a year later. Among its most successful and well known films were The Deep (1977), Midnight Express (1978), An American Werewolf in London (1981), Flashdance (1983), Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994), Dead Man Walking (1995), The Big Lebowski (1998), Fargo (1996), The Usual Suspects (1995), The Game (1997), Barney's Great Adventure (1998) and Notting Hill (1999).

Overview

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In 1975, Peter Guber formed its own production company FilmWorks, then in 1976, it became Casablanca Records & FilmWorks after a merger with Casablanca Records, which PolyGram got a 50% by 1977, and by 1980, PolyGram took the other 50% stake in the company and renamed the film unit as PolyGram Pictures.

During the late 1980s and early 1990s, PolyGram continued to invest in a diversified film unit with the purchases of individual production companies. In 1995, PolyGram purchased ITC Entertainment for $156 million.

In May 1998, PolyGram was sold to Seagram, which owned Universal Pictures and Universal Music Group (UMG), for $10 billion. Seagram sold off some of PolyGram's assets while mainly acquiring its music division: the ITC Entertainment library was sold to Carlton Communications for £91 million, the pre-March 1996 PFE library was sold to MGM, and PolyGram's US distribution operation was sold to USA Network.

After many of its assets were sold, the remains of PolyGram's film division were folded into Universal Pictures. When the newly formed entertainment division of Seagram faced financial difficulties, it was sold to Vivendi, and MCA became known as Universal Studios, as Seagram ceased to exist.

Vivendi remained the majority owner of the UMG until 2021, when it sold most of its stake. MGM owns the rights to most of the pre-April 1996 library, and the remaining post-March 1996 film and television library is owned by NBCUniversal.

In 2017, Universal Music Group established a film and television division, resurrecting the PolyGram Entertainment name.[1]

History

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FilmWorks, Casablanca Records & FilmWorks and PolyGram Pictures

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In 1975, Peter Guber quit Columbia Pictures to start out FilmWorks with a producing deal. A year later, during the production of The Deep, it was merged with Casablanca Records to form Casablanca Records & FilmWorks.[2] The company would enjoy success with The Deep and Midnight Express. The music company PolyGram (owned by Dutch-based Philips and Germany's Siemens) bought out its share of Casablanca Records & FilmWorks in 1977. Two years later, in 1979, Casablanca Record & Filmworks left Columbia Pictures to join Universal Pictures, and gave Casablanca Records & Filmworks creative control over the pictures.[3] A year later, PolyGram took on its stake of the company and it was renamed to PolyGram Pictures in 1980.[4] PolyGram reserved the finances and Guber would run as CEO. Guber would form a partnership with Barbra Streisand's hairdresser Jon Peters, who co-produced his client's A Star Is Born remake. Peters would produce PolyGram's films, and eventually become a stockholder with Guber.[5] He had intended to work with Boardwalk Records, but he was forced to join PolyGram Pictures instead.[6][7][3]

The first film under the Universal/PolyGram alliance was King of the Mountain (1981), which was a box-office flop. More money-losers followed. Ancillary markets such as home video and pay television were not yet established, and broadcast television networks were paying less for licenses to films. PolyGram's European investors were not happy; they had lost about $80 million on its film division. Not long after, Siemens parted with Philips. Guber and Peters left PolyGram Pictures in 1982, taking their plans for a new Batman movie with them, along with a few other projects. The duo eventually found a home at Warner Bros. A part of their exit proceedings, PolyGram would still own 7.5% of profits from some of its projects, including the 1989 Batman film.[5] Also in 1980, PolyGram launched a syndicated television division, PolyGram Television, to be headed by former Columbia Pictures Television syndication executive Norman Horowitz,[8] both the film and TV units eventually closed down by 1983 after a string of first-run syndication strip flops.[9]

PolyGram Filmed Entertainment

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In the early 1980s, PolyGram Video was launched. PolyGram Video, headed by Michael Kuhn and David Hockman, was created to distribute concert films and feature films acquired from third-parties, as well as long-form music videos; in 1986, a joint venture with Heron Communications, Channel 5 Video began operation.[10] Channel 5 Video later began to obtain the rights to titles from Heron's US children's arm, Hi-Tops Video.[11] Kuhn and Hockman were able to parlay PolyGram Video's success into financing feature films. The first film produced by PolyGram's new film division was P.I. Private Investigations in 1987.[12] During the late 1980s and early 1990s, PolyGram continued to invest in a diversified film unit with the purchases of individual production companies.[13] In 1989, PolyGram launched Manifesto Film Sales to handle the licensing of films outside North America.[14] In 1991, PolyGram's Michael Kuhn became the head of PolyGram Filmed Entertainment,[13] with US$200 million pumped in with the intention of developing a European film studio that could produce and distribute films internationally on a scale to match the major Hollywood studios.

Following the style of its music business, the company produced films through a number of creatively semi-autonomous 'labels', such as Working Title Films in the United Kingdom and Propaganda Films and Interscope Communications in the United States; it also built up its own network of distribution companies.

Film production within PolyGram differed from traditional Hollywood studios, in that power to make ('green light') a film was not centralised in the hands of a small number of executives, but instead was decided by negotiations between producers, management and marketing. Kuhn claimed that "movies sort of green lit themselves."

In 1993, PolyGram purchased the video arm of Virgin Group from General Electric Capital for $5.6 million and remodeled the label as Vision Video Ltd.

PolyGram also built up a sizable film and television library that could be profitable. In 1995, the company purchased ITC Entertainment for $156 million.[15] Through this purchase, PolyGram acquired 350 feature films, several thousand hours of television programming, and gained further access into the television market.[13] That same year, PolyGram Filmed Entertainment acquired a 75% majority stake in British home video distributor Abbey Home Entertainment. In 1997, PFE agreed to purchase the Epic film library, which included a thousand feature films from a variety of companies, from Crédit Lyonnais for $225 million.[16] PolyGram also attempted purchasing MGM[17] and The Samuel Goldwyn Company's library,[18] but to no avail. In July 1998, PolyGram was in talks to sell their stake in Abbey Home Entertainment back to Ian and Anne Miles, letting AHE trade independently again. On December 7, 1997, PolyGram and Warner Bros. reached a deal to co-finance films produced by Castle Rock Entertainment.[19]

PFE's film distribution arm was based in the United Kingdom, and invested heavily in British film making — some credit it with reviving the British film industry in the 1990s. Despite a successful production history, new Philips CEO Cor Boonstra began to draw back Philips' media operations, excepting their stake in PolyGram, in 1997.[20] At the time, Philips was seen as a bloated conglomerate riddled with problems; Boonstra initially denied that PolyGram would be sold.[21] However, by early 1998, Boonstra's attitude had shifted and various bidders began to make themselves known, as Philips began to pursue a manufacturing-only business model.[22] At the same time, PolyGram had been suffering from their own internal issues, chiefly a series of loss-making films and a lack of major pop music hits.[23] In hindsight, analysts have also pointed to another reason for Boonstra's sale of the assets, namely Philips manufacturing blank CDs, as music piracy subsequently impacted the music industry hugely in the years afterwards.[24]

Philips ultimately decided to sell PolyGram to the beverage conglomerate Seagram in 1998 (Seagram had chosen PolyGram over EMI because of PolyGram's better management);[25][26] only interested in PolyGram's music operations, Seagram, which at the time controlled Universal Pictures, looked forward to divesting in PFE. After being dissatisfied with offers to buy the studio (including a joint venture between Canal+ and Artisan Entertainment), Seagram opted to sell off individual assets and folded whatever remained into Universal.[27] In October 1998, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM)[28] paid $235–250 million to acquire 1,300 films released before March 31, 1996, from PolyGram.[29] In 1999, the ITC library was sold to Carlton Communications (later known as ITV Studios) for $150 million.[30] Some of PFE's North American distribution assets were sold to USA Networks.[31] Universal would later take over the remaining titles, which included a third of the pre-April 1996 films, as well as PolyGram Television's library. Universal would eventually set up their international arm from the ashes of PFE's international division on February 9, 1999, that included theatrical and video distribution when its contracts with United International Pictures and CIC Video expired.[32] After the box office failure of Mickey Blue Eyes, a title inherited from PolyGram that became one of the few titles that were self-distributed by Universal internationally, all the theatrical assets of Universal Pictures International were merged with United International Pictures, which continued to exist until 2007.[33]

PolyGram Video took over the distribution of Manga Entertainment's titles in Australia and New Zealand in late 1996 after Siren Entertainment's license to the Manga Video catalog expired, but PolyGram lost the license to the Manga Video catalog in 1998 after Madman Entertainment took over the licenses. This was due to Manga Entertainment being moved from Island Records to Palm Pictures.

Relaunch as PolyGram Entertainment

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Main article: PolyGram § PolyGram Entertainment

Production companies

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US distribution

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In 1992, PolyGram partnered with Universal Pictures to create a joint venture called Gramercy Pictures. Gramercy primarily distributed PolyGram films in the United States, and it doubled as a specialty label for Universal. In January 1996, PolyGram bought out Universal's 50% stake[35] and in 1997, PolyGram Films was founded to release PFE's mainstream titles in the United States, while Gramercy became a low-budget/art-house sublabel.[36][37] PolyGram Films' first release was The Game.[37][35] When PolyGram was acquired by Universal in 1999, the company merged Gramercy with October Films, which included its subsidiary Rogue Pictures[38] to create USA Films, which eventually became Focus Features. Gramercy was revived in 2015 as a label of Focus Features,[39] but shut down and went dormant the next year.

Selected films

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Among the films directly produced by PFE were:

1970s

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Release Date Title Notes
17 June 1977 The Deep co-production with Columbia Pictures and EMI Films
19 May 1978 Thank God It's Friday co-production with Columbia Pictures and Motown Productions
6 October 1978 Midnight Express co-production with Columbia Pictures
9 February 1979 Agatha co-production with First Artists and Warner Bros.

1980s

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Release Date Title Notes
29 February 1980 Foxes co-production with United Artists
30 May 1980 The Hollywood Knights co-production with Columbia Pictures
1 May 1981 King of the Mountain co-production with Universal Pictures
17 July 1981 Endless Love co-production with Universal Pictures
14 August 1981 Deadly Blessing distributed by United Artists
21 August 1981 An American Werewolf in London co-production with Universal Pictures
13 November 1981 The Pursuit of D. B. Cooper co-production with Universal Pictures
12 March 1982 Missing co-production with Universal Pictures
3 October 1982 Split Image distributed by Orion Pictures
24 December 1982 Six Weeks co-production with Universal Pictures
15 April 1983 Flashdance co-production with Paramount Pictures
13 December 1985 A Chorus Line co-production with Columbia Pictures and Embassy Pictures
Clue co-production with Paramount Pictures
05 June 1987 P.I. Private Investigations co-production with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
22 April 1988 The Blue Iguana co-production with Paramount Pictures
24 March 1989 Troop Beverly Hills co-production with Weintraub Entertainment Group
23 June 1989 Batman co-production with Warner Bros. and The Guber-Peters Company
27 October 1989 Kill Me Again co-production with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
8 December 1989 Fear, Anxiety & Depression co-production with The Samuel Goldwyn Company

1990s

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Release Date Title Notes Distributor
27 July 1990 Chicago Joe and the Showgirl co-production with Working Title Films New Line Cinema
17 August 1990 Wild at Heart The Samuel Goldwyn Company (North America)
Manifesto Film Sales (International)
14 September 1990 Fools of Fortune New Line Cinema
24 May 1991 Drop Dead Fred
21 August 1991 Barton Fink international distribution only; produced by Circle Films (co-owned by Disney and Universal) 20th Century Fox (North America)
Manifesto Film Sales (International)
15 November 1991 Driving Me Crazy Motion Picture Corporation of America
17 January 1992 A Gnome Named Gnorm co-production with Trilogy Entertainment Group and Interscope Communications Vestron Pictures
27 March 1992 Ruby co-production with Propaganda Films Triumph Films
15 May 1992 Rubin & Ed co-production with Working Title Films (owned by Sony) IRS Media
19 June 1992 Batman Returns studio credit only; co-production with DC Comics, Tim Burton Productions and De Novi Pictures Warner Bros. Pictures
7 August 1992 London Kills Me co-production with Working Title Films Fine Line Features (through New Line Cinema)
4 September 1992 Bob Roberts co-production with Working Title Films (co-owned by Lionsgate and Universal) Paramount Pictures
Miramax Films (theatrical)
LIVE Entertainment (home video)
16 October 1992 Candyman co-production with Propaganda Films (owned by Universal) TriStar Pictures
23 April 1993 Map of the Human Heart co-production with Working Title Films (co-owned by Miramax and Universal) Miramax Films
14 May 1993 Posse co-production with Working Title Films (owned by MGM) Gramercy Pictures
20 August 1993 The Ballad of Little Jo Fine Line Features (through New Line Cinema)
3 September 1993 Kalifornia co-production with Propaganda Films (owned by MGM) Gramercy Pictures
1 October 1993 Malice UK distribution only; produced by Castle Rock Entertainment, New Line Cinema and Nelvana (owned by MGM) Columbia Pictures
8 October 1993 The Young Americans co-production with Working Title Films LIVE Entertainment
5 November 1993 A Home of Our Own (owned by MGM) Gramercy Pictures
7 January 1994 The Air Up There co-production with Hollywood Pictures and Interscope Communications (owned by Disney) Buena Vista Pictures Distribution
4 February 1994 Romeo Is Bleeding co-production with Working Title Films
Most 1994–95 PolyGram films currently owned by MGM unless mentioned otherwise 		Gramercy Pictures
9 March 1994 Four Weddings and a Funeral co-production with Working Title Films and Channel Four Films
11 March 1994 The Hudsucker Proxy co-production with Warner Bros. Pictures, Working Title Films and Silver Pictures (co-owned by Warner Bros. and Universal) Warner Bros. Pictures (North America)
Manifesto Film Sales (International)
8 April 1994 Holy Matrimony co-production with Hollywood Pictures and Interscope Communications (co-owned by Disney and Universal) Buena Vista Pictures Distribution
Red Rock West co-production with Propaganda Films (owned by Universal) Roxie Releasing (theatrical)
Columbia TriStar Home Video (home video)
15 April 1994 Backbeat (owned by Universal) Gramercy Pictures
6 May 1994 Dream Lover co-production with Propaganda Films
18 May 1994 Final Combination co-production with Propaganda Films Rank Film Distributors
15 July 1994 A Pig's Tale co-production with Propaganda Films (owned by Universal) PolyGram Filmed Entertainment
10 August 1994 The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert Gramercy Pictures
23 September 1994 Terminal Velocity co-production with Hollywood Pictures and Interscope Communications (owned by Disney) Buena Vista Pictures Distribution
28 September 1994 Jason's Lyric co-production with Propaganda Films Gramercy Pictures
16 December 1994 Nell (co-owned by Disney and MGM) 20th Century Fox
20 January 1995 S.F.W. co-production with Propaganda Films Gramercy Pictures
10 February 1995 Shallow Grave co-production with Channel Four Films
24 February 1995 Before the Rain (owned by Universal)
17 March 1995 Candyman: Farewell to the Flesh co-production with Propaganda Films
21 April 1995 The Basketball Diaries co-production with Island Pictures (co-owned by Palm Pictures and MGM) New Line Cinema
3 May 1995 Panther co-production with Working Title Films Gramercy Pictures
5 May 1995 French Kiss co-production with Working Title Films (co-owned by Disney and MGM) 20th Century Fox
16 June 1995 Batman Forever studio credit only; co-production with DC Comics and Tim Burton Productions Warner Bros. Pictures
30 June 1995 Innocent Lies Gramercy Pictures
28 July 1995 Operation Dumbo Drop co-production with Walt Disney Pictures and Interscope Communications (owned by Disney) Buena Vista Pictures Distribution
16 August 1995 The Usual Suspects co-production with Bad Hat Harry Productions and Spelling Films International (co-owned by MGM and Paramount) Gramercy Pictures (North America)
PolyGram Filmed Entertainment (UK, France and Benelux)
Spelling Films International (International)
15 September 1995 Coldblooded co-production with Motion Picture Corporation of America and Propaganda Films (owned by Universal) IRS Media
22 September 1995 Canadian Bacon co-production with Propaganda Films Gramercy Pictures
29 September 1995 Moonlight and Valentino co-production with Working Title Films
3 November 1995 Home for the Holidays (co-owned by Paramount and MGM) Paramount Pictures
10 November 1995 Carrington Gramercy Pictures
15 December 1995 Jumanji co-production with TriStar Pictures and Interscope Communications (owned by Sony) Sony Pictures Releasing
28 December 1995 12 Monkeys UK distribution only; produced by Atlas Entertainment and Classico (owned by Universal)
29 December 1995 Dead Man Walking co-production with Working Title Films Gramercy Pictures
29 December 1995 Mr. Holland's Opus co-production with Hollywood Pictures and Interscope Communications (co-owned by Disney and MGM) Buena Vista Pictures Distribution
9 February 1996 Loch Ness co-production with Working Title Films Gramercy Pictures
23 February 1996 La Haine co-production with Le Studio Canal+ and Arte France Cinema
Most films released since this point are owned by Universal Pictures[40]
8 March 1996 Fargo co-production with Working Title Films (owned by MGM)
22 March 1996 Jack and Sarah co-production with Granada Productions and Le Studio Canal+ (owned by MGM)
Land and Freedom co-production with Working Title Films
3 May 1996 Barb Wire co-production with Propaganda Films
31 May 1996 Eddie co-production with Hollywood Pictures and Island Pictures (co-owned by Disney and MGM)[41]
Last film in the pre-April 1996 library owned by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer via Orion Pictures 		Buena Vista Pictures Distribution
The Arrival co-production with LIVE Entertainment, Steelework Films and Interscope Communications (owned by Lionsgate) Orion Pictures
17 July 1996 Walking and Talking co-production with Channel Four Films, Zenith Productions, Pandora Film, Mikado Films (France), Electric, TEAM Communications Group and Good Machine (co-owned by Miramax and Universal) Miramax Films
Kazaam co-production with Touchstone Pictures and Interscope Communications (co-owned by Disney and Universal) Buena Vista Pictures Distribution
19 July 1996 Trainspotting co-production with Channel Four Films Miramax Films
18 October 1996 Sleepers co-production with Warner Bros. Pictures and Propaganda Films (co-owned by Warner Bros. and Universal) Warner Bros. Pictures (North America)
PolyGram Filmed Entertainment (International)
Jude (owned by Universal; U.S. rights sub-licensed to Scorpion Releasing) Gramercy Pictures
24 December 1996 The Portrait of a Lady co-production with Propaganda Films
10 January 1997 The Relic international distribution outside France, Germany and Japan only; produced by Tele-München Gruppe, BBC Films, Toho, Pacific Western Production, Marubeni and Cloud Nine Entertainment Paramount Pictures
29 January 1997 Gridlock'd co-production with Interscope Communications Gramercy Pictures
14 February 1997 When We Were Kings (owned by Shout! Studios via Westchester)
7 March 1997 The Eighth Day co-production with Working Title Films
11 April 1997 Keys to Tulsa co-production with ITC Entertainment (owned by ITV Studios)
9 May 1997 Twin Town
20 June 1997 Batman & Robin studio credit only; co-production with DC Comics Warner Bros. Pictures
6 August 1997 Def Jam's How to Be a Player Gramercy Pictures
24 August 1997 Snow White: A Tale of Terror co-production with Interscope Communications
12 September 1997 The Game co-production with Propaganda Films PolyGram Films
19 September 1997 Going All the Way Gramercy Pictures
3 October 1997 The Matchmaker co-production with Working Title Films
24 October 1997 A Life Less Ordinary (co-owned by Disney and Universal) 20th Century Fox
7 November 1997 Bean co-production with Working Title Films Gramercy Pictures
5 December 1997 The Borrowers co-production with Working Title Films PolyGram Films
16 January 1998 Hard Rain international distribution outside France, Germany and Japan only; produced by BBC Films, Mutual Film Company, Nordisk Film Production and Toho Paramount Pictures
23 January 1998 Spice World co-production Icon Entertainment International and Fragile Films Columbia Pictures (through Sony Pictures Releasing)
The Gingerbread Man co-production with Island Pictures and Enchanter Entertainment PolyGram Films
18 February 1998 I Want You Gramercy Pictures
26 February 1998 Dead Letter Office Southern Star Entertainment
6 March 1998 The Big Lebowski co-production with Working Title Films Gramercy Pictures
3 April 1998 No Looking Back
The Proposition co-production with Interscope Communications PolyGram Films
Barney's Great Adventure: The Movie co-production with Lyrick Studios
1 May 1998 Wilde UK distribution only; produced by BBC Films, Capitol Films and Pony Canyon (owned by Altitude)
Go Now Gramercy Pictures
29 May 1998 The Last Days of Disco co-production with Castle Rock Entertainment (co-owned by Universal and Warner Bros.) Gramercy Pictures (North America)
Warner Bros. Pictures (International)[42]
12 June 1998 The Land Girls Gramercy Pictures
14 August 1998 Return to Paradise co-production with Propaganda Films and Tetragram PolyGram Films
21 August 1998 Your Friends & Neighbors Gramercy Pictures
25 September 1998 Clay Pigeons
2 October 1998 What Dreams May Come co-production with Interscope Communications PolyGram Films
13 November 1998 Thursday co-production with Propaganda Films Legacy Releasing
22 November 1998 Elizabeth co-production with Working Title Films and Channel Four Films Gramercy Pictures
25 November 1998 Very Bad Things co-production with Interscope Communications and Initial Entertainment Group (co-owned by Universal and Lionsgate) PolyGram Films
22 January 1999 The Hi-Lo Country co-production with Working Title Films Gramercy Pictures
February 1999 Choke co-production with Propaganda Films PolyGram Visual Programming
5 March 1999 Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels co-production with The Steve Tisch Company, SKA Films, HandMade Films and Summit Entertainment Gramercy Pictures (North America)
PolyGram Filmed Entertainment (select territories)
Summit Entertainment (International)
1 April 1999 Millionaire Dogs co-production with Ostdeutscher Rundfunk Brandenburg, EIV Entertainment Invest GmbH & Company KG, Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen and Benchmark Entertainment Pop Twist Entertainment
28 May 1999 Notting Hill co-production with Working Title Films Universal Pictures
9 July 1999 Arlington Road select international distribution only; produced by Lakeshore Entertainment Screen Gems (through Sony Pictures Releasing)
1 October 1999 Plunkett & Macleane international distribution only; co-production with Working Title Films USA Films
10 December 1999 The Green Mile as Universal Pictures International; produced by Castle Rock Entertainment and Darkwoods Productions Warner Bros. Pictures (North America, Latin America and Asia (excluding Japan))
Universal Pictures (International)

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Universal Music Relaunching Polygram, Announces 'Story of Motown' as First Production". Billboard. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  2. ^ "Casablanca And Filmworks Merge Into New Combine" (PDF). Billboard. 6 November 1976. p. 3.
  3. ^ a b Masters, Kim; Griffin, Nancy (12 January 2016). Hit & Run. Simon & Schuster.
  4. ^ "PolyGram Insures Home Video Base" (PDF). Billboard. 29 March 1980. p. 9.
  5. ^ a b Griffin, Nancy and Masters, Kim (1996). "Hit and Run" (pp. 100-116). New York: Touchstone, a Simon & Schuster company.
  6. ^ "Boardwalk - Music label - RYM/Sonemic". Rate Your Music. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  7. ^ Medavoy, Mike (25 June 2013). You're Only as Good as Your Next One: 100 Great Films, 100 Good Films, and 100 for Which I Should Be Shot. Atria Books.
  8. ^ "Horowitz to head new PolyGram television unit" (PDF). Broadcasting Magazine. 3 November 1980. p. 46.
  9. ^ "PolyGram to fold" (PDF). Broadcasting. 9 May 1983. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  10. ^ a b "Heron, PolyGram Set Joint Venture With Low Pricing". Variety. 1 January 1986. p. 25.
  11. ^ "Channel Five Moves Into Music & Kid Vid" (PDF). World Radio History. 11 July 1987. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
  12. ^ Kuhn, pp. 17-23
  13. ^ a b c Apodaca, Patrice (21 February 1995). "Screen Play : PolyGram Hopes to Bolster Its Hollywood Presence With Purchase of Once-Venerable ITC Entertainment". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
  14. ^ Kuhn, pp. 40-41
  15. ^ "ITC Entertainment Sold to Polygram for $156 Million". Los Angeles Times. 17 January 1995. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
  16. ^ Weiner, Rex (3 December 1997). "New Epic librarian".
  17. ^ Fabrikant, Geraldine (17 July 1996). "Kerkorian Group Plans to Buy MGM Studio for $1.3 Billion". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
  18. ^ "Company News;Polygram Said To Drop Goldwyn Offer". The New York Times. 31 January 1996. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
  19. ^ Cox, Dan (8 December 1997). "WB, Polygram to co-fund Castle Rock". Variety. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  20. ^ Staff, Variety (22 July 1997). "Philips quitting media biz, except for Polygram stake". Variety. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
  21. ^ "CAN HE FIX PHILIPS? HECK, CAN ANYONE? NEW CEO COR BOONSTRA IS AN OUTSIDER WHO TALKS A GOOD TURNAROUND GAME FOR THE ELECTRONICS GIANT--BUT MAY HAVE TO MOVE FASTER. - March 31, 1997". money.cnn.com. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
  22. ^ Week, Marketing (11 June 1998). "Why Phillips must sharpen up its act". Marketing Week. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
  23. ^ Eller, Claudia; Philips, Chuck (7 May 1998). "Philips Puts PolyGram Empire Up for Sale". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
  24. ^ McCullen, Aidan (27 October 2023). "Killing Your Business While It's Still Working: That (Kodak) Moment". The Innovation Show. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
  25. ^ "Suitors Buzz Around Polygram". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
  26. ^ Eller, Claudia; Philips, Chuck (15 May 1998). "Seagram, Philips Confirm Talks for All of PolyGram". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
  27. ^ Eller, Claudia (9 October 1998). "Seagram May Settle for Sale of Film Library". Los Angeles Times.
  28. ^ "MGM Signs $250 Million Agreement to Acquire PolyGram Film Library". Sound & Vision. 25 October 1998.
  29. ^ Eller, Claudia (23 October 1998). "MGM Agrees to Acquire PolyGram Movie Library". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
  30. ^ Thal, Peter (20 January 1999). "Carlton pays $150m for film library". The Independent. London. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
  31. ^ "USA Will Buy Some Seagram Film Assets". Los Angeles Times. 8 April 1999.
  32. ^ Carver, Benedict; Dawtrey, Adam (10 February 1999). "U to start int'l distrib". Variety. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  33. ^ Petrikin, Chris (15 October 1999). "U, Par extend UIP pact". Variety. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  34. ^ Madigan, Nick (9 December 1997). "Polygram shutters Island Pictures".
  35. ^ a b "PolyGram joins the big Game". Screen International. 19 September 1997. p. 33.
  36. ^ Eller, Claudia (3 May 1997). "PolyGram Unit to Distribute Films in U.S." Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
  37. ^ a b "Partyers play 'Game'". Variety. 11 September 1997. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
  38. ^ Roman, Monica (3 April 1998). "Rogue of October". Variety. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  39. ^ Petski, Denise (20 May 2015). "Focus Revives Gramercy Pictures Label For Genre Films". Deadline. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  40. ^ US Copyright Office Document No. V3495D070 / 2003-03-06
  41. ^ US Copyright Office Document No. V15006D985 / 2022-04-22
  42. ^ "Warner Bros. Teams Up with PolyGram to Co-Finance & Co-Distribute Castle Rock Pictures". WarnerMedia. Retrieved 6 April 2020.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Michael Kuhn, One Hundred Films and a Funeral: The Life and Death of Polygram Films, Thorogood, 2002. ISBN 1-85418-216-1.
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