Slovene declension
This page describes the declension of nouns, adjectives and pronouns in Slovene. For information on Slovene grammar in general, see Slovene grammar.
This article follows the tonal orthography. For the conversion into pitch orthography, see Slovene national phonetic transcription.
Grammatical categories
[edit]Nouns are declined for six cases and three numbers. Adjectives and most pronouns additionally decline for three genders.
Cases
[edit]There are six cases (the Slovene names are given in brackets):
- Nominative (imenovalnik or nominativ)
- Genitive (rodilnik or genitiv)
- Dative (dajalnik or dativ)
- Accusative (tožilnik or akuzativ)
- Locative (mestnik or lokativ)
- Instrumental (orodnik or instrumental)
Traditionally, the cases are given in the order above. They are also usually numbered accordingly: the nominative case is the first case, the genitive the second, and so on.
The nouns are usually listed and sorted by their nominative singular form, but declension is defined by the genitive singular form. For this reason, genitive singular form is commonly written with the nominative. Where it is not otherwise noted, the second form is in genitive singular form.
Vocative
[edit]Vocative (zvalnik or vokativ) was used with the original endings in Slovene up to the 18th century by, for example Janez Svetokriški, but has now received the endings of the nominative case. Some words, however, kept the vocative form, such as oče (instead of the nominative *otь̀cь) 'father'. Colloquially, vocative endings are still present, but the current use is taken from Serbo-Croatian.
While having the same endings, it is still tonemically different from the nominative case, always having circumflex accent, but because of its similarity with nominative, it is often omitted from declension tables or is considered a special case of nominative, called 'addressive nominative' (ogovorni imenovalnik) in Slovene literature.
Numbers
[edit]Slovene has three numbers:
- Singular (ednina), which refers to one object.
- Dual (dvojina), which refers to a pair of objects.
- Plural (množina), which refers to more than two objects.
There is, however, an exception to that rule. Plural is used instead of dual for nouns that represent things that usually come in pairs (such as body parts, socks, twins, and parents), except if one wants to stress that the noun relates to both parts and after words that signify a pair (such as oba 'both', etc. ):
- Starše sem vprašal, če lahko grem ven. (I asked parents if I can go out.) – plural is used.
- Na vpisnico se morata podpisati oba starša. (Both parents have to sign the application.) – dual is used.
Genders
[edit]A noun in Slovene can have one of the following three genders:
- Masculine (moški, abbreviated m. sp.); divided further into animate (accusative singular equals genitive) and inanimate (accusative singular equals nominative) in the first and fourth masculine declension, and in first adjective declension.
- Feminine (ženski, abbreviated ž. sp.)
- Neuter (srednji, abbreviated sr. sp.); which is in some dialects masculinized or feminized.
Native speakers usually identify a gender by placing a demonstrative pronoun tisti 'that' in front of it. Since some nouns can only have a singular form and some only a plural form (extremely rarely also only dual, such as ribi 'pisces'), both singular and plural endings must be remembered. Note that the feminine singular and neuter plural endings are the same so the number must be determined first.
Non-native speakers in most cases determine try to determine gender from the ending of a noun in nominative singular.
- Masculine nouns typically end in a consonant, although a few end in a vowel, mostly in -a, -o and -i (some names, letters, nominalized adjectives etc.).
- Feminine nouns usually end in -a; these are the "a-stem" nouns. A number of feminine nouns end in a consonant; these are mostly "i-stem" and "v-stem" nouns.
- The vast majority of neuter nouns end in -o or -e, but second and third neuter declension end with a variety of sounds since they have a null ending in nominative case.
Declensions
[edit]Declensions are divided differently in international and Slovene literature. In Slovene literature, the declensions are defined by the ending in genitive singular, but in international literature, the nouns are often divided by the stem (the same way as in Proto-Slavic), which are more numerous. Thus, they can be considered as a subdivision of the declension. The stem declensions that are a subdivision of the main declension are a result of a stem lengthening alteration (premena), or is a subpattern (podvzorec).
There are four different noun declension for every gender in Slovene and two for the adjectives. Besides the name, the identifying ending (ending in genitive singular) is written:
Masculine:
- First masculine declension; ending -a, -u, or -e (word dȃn)
- Masculine o-/e-stem declension
- Masculine t-stem declension
- Masculine n-stem declension
- Masculine j-stem declension
- Second masculine declension (masculine a-stem declension); ending -e (except dȃn)
- Third masculine declension (masculine declension without endings); ending -ø
- Fourth masculine declension (masculine i-/e-stem declension); ending -ega
Feminine:
- First feminine declension; ending -e, genitive plural ending is not -ih
- Feminine a-stem declension
- Feminine r-stem declension
- Feminine v-stem declension
- Feminine n-stem declension
- Second feminine declension (feminine i-stem declension); ending -i
- Third feminine declension (feminine declensions without endings); ending -ø
- Fourth feminine declension (feminine i-/e-stem declension); ending -e, genitive plural ending -ih
Neuter:
- First neuter declension; ending -a
- Neuter o-/e-stem declension
- Neuter n-stem declension
- Neuter s-stem declension
- Neuter t-stem declension
- Second neuter declension (neuter a-stem declension); ending -e
- Third neuter declension (neuter declension without endings); ending -ø
- Fourth neuter declension (neuter i-/e-stem declension); ending -ega
Adjective:
- First adjective declension (adjective declension with endings); ending -ega
- Second adjective declension (adjective declension without endings); ending -ø
Accentual types
[edit]There are four different accentual types:
- Fixed (nepremični), where the stress is always on the same stem syllable.
- Mobile (premični), where the stress is on different stem syllables.
- Ending (končniški), where the stress is always on the ending.
- Mixed (mešani), where the stress is sometimes on the stem and sometimes on the ending.
In first masculine, second feminine and first adjectival declension, accentual types affect the endings in some cases.
Some words can also change accent from fixed to mixed in one number or in only one case. These nouns follow accent changes of the fixed type, except where they change to mixed type (they follow mixed accentuation). Some nouns can also change the accentuation after certain prepositions. These forms are always circumflex (for example, primẹ̑r, accusative singular primẹ̑r, but after na, it changes into na prȋmer).
Degrees of comparison
[edit]There is a three-stage and two-stage comparison in Slovene.
The three-stage comparison has the following degrees:
- Positive (osnovnik or pozitiv)
- Comparative (primernik or komparativ)
- Superlative (presežnik or superlativ)
The two-stage declension has the following degrees:
- Positive (osnovnik or pozitiv)
- Elative (pridvignjena stopnja or elativ)
Animacy
[edit]Masculine nouns and adjectives are divided between animate and inanimate nouns.
Animate nouns are nouns that represent a living or mythological being (Francọ̑z 'French', rȁk 'crab', dȗh 'ghost') and words that originally had that meaning, but have a different one now (vipȃvec (a type of wine), francọ̑z 'monkey wrench', Oriọ̑n 'Orion'). In this category are also card names and suits, and some names of cars and mushrooms, such as as 'ace', pȋk 'club', gọ̑lf (Golf, a Volkswagen car), and gobȃn 'bolete'. The word duh is animate when it means 'ghost' or 'mentality'. Some diminutives are animate, even if they represent an inanimate object (for example, stolček 'little chair' ). Names of space objects that are named after gods are either animate or inanimate (e. g. Merkur 'Mercury')
This distinction is also applied to all words that modify the noun, such as adjectives, determiners and the like. Thus, adjectives in the masculine accusative singular will have either the form of the nominative (no ending or -i), or the form of the genitive (-ega).
Nouns, nominal pronouns, nominalized adjectives
[edit]The declensions for nouns, nominal pronouns, and nominalized adjectives can be split by gender, as gender and declension pattern coincide. The dual and plural are not distinguished in the genitive and locative cases of nouns; the plural form is used for the dual as well. For neuter nouns, the nominative and accusative forms are always the same, in all numbers.
Nominal and nominalized pronouns also follow this inflection patterns, however most of them are irregular. For irregularities among pronouns, see the pronouns section.
First Masculine declension
[edit]First masculine declension follow nouns whose genitive singular ending is -a (korȃk korȃka), -u (mọ̑st mostȗ), and the noun dan (dȃn dnẹ̑). The vast majority of masculine nouns are declined following this inflection pattern. It is so common that masculine nouns following the second (and some following the third and the fourth) can be declined following the pattern of the first.
Masculine nouns are further divided between animate and inanimate nouns. This difference is only significant for the accusative singular.
- For inanimate nouns, the accusative singular is identical to the nominative singular. For example, stȍl 'chair', genitive singular stóla, accusative singular stȍl.
- For animate nouns, the accusative singular is identical to the genitive singular. For example, fȁnt 'boy', genitive singular fánta, accusative singular fánta.
Masculine o-/e-stem declension
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png)
The standard declension of first masculine declension is the o-stem declension. O-stem nouns are divided between "hard" and "soft" stems, see the main Slovene grammar article for the meaning of these terms.
Hard declension | Soft declension | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | - | -a | -i | - | -a | -i |
Genitive | -a | -ov | -ov | -a | -ev | -ev |
Dative | -u / -i (styl.) | -oma | -om | -u / -i (styl.) | -ema | -em |
Accusative | nom or gen | -a | -e | nom or gen | -a | -e |
Locative | -u / -i (styl.) | -ih | -ih | -u / -i (styl.) | -ih | -ih |
Instrumental | -om | -oma | -i | -em | -ema | -i |
Vocative | - | -a | -i | - | -a | -i |
styl. – the form is stylistically marked |
Masculine t-stem declension
[edit]Proper names ending in -e normally follow this declension like the noun otročȅ 'kid', adding the infix -t- before the endings. For example, Zvọ̑ne Zvọ̑neta (a male name). This declension also follow some other nouns ending in -e if it represents hypocoristicity (fantȅ fantẹ́ta 'boy, immature man'). The noun oče 'father' also follows this declension.
Some historic Greek names, such as Ksenofọ̑n 'Xenophon' and Ȃjas 'Ajax the Great', also follow this inflection pattern, however, it is also common to already have a t-stem in nominative singular (Ksenofọ̑n/Ksenofọ̑nt Ksenofọ̑nta, Ȃjas/Ajant Ajanta).
In speech or in writing of lower register, nouns that have the ending -o in nominative singular, such as Márko (a male name) and sȋnko 'little son' also follow this inflection pattern (Márko Márkota, sȋnko sȋnkota). In dialectal speeches this also happens to proper nouns ending in -a, such as Míha and Lúka, and the a is in some dialects changed to e (Míha Míhata/Míheta, Lúka Lúkata/Lúketa), although in some dialects these words can be lengthened with another consonant, for example, with n in Carinthian dialects (Márko Márkona, Lúka Lukana).
Masculine n-stem declension
[edit]A few nouns ending in -elj have a stem ending in -eljn- rather than dropping the fill vowel. For example, nágelj nágeljna 'carnation' and Fráncelj Fránceljna (a male name). These nouns can be also declined normally (nágelj náglja, Fráncelj Fránclja), however, that is less common.
Some Latin names ending in -o can also follow this inflection pattern, such as Kȃto Katọ̑na 'Cato', but the n can be already added in nominative singular (Kȃton Katọ̑na).
Masculine j-stem declension
[edit]Nouns, of which the pronunciation of the stem ends in /ɾ/ or a vowel (not to be confused with a noun having a vowel ending in nominative singular), the stem, when followed by an ending, has an added -j- at the end, such as tȃksi tȃksija 'taxi' and redár redárja 'security guard at a public event'.
There are exceptions, though. Monosyllabic words follow the o-stem declension (mȋr mirȗ 'peace'), except cār cārja 'tsar', and similarly also stȃr (old way of measuring cereal), júr 'bolete, 1000 units of currency' and fȃr 'priest'. Nouns derived from verbs, such as gȏvor 'speech', vȋr 'source' and prodȍr 'penetration' also follow o-stem declension. The same is true for nouns that have a fill vowel, followed by /ɾ/, such as vẹ̑ter vẹ̑tra 'wind' and blȃgor blȃgra 'well-being'. Compound nouns that have a non-j-stem noun (such as dvogȏvor dvogȏvora 'dialogue' and pȍdodbȍr pȍdodbóra 'subcommittee') are also excluded, except names that end in -mir, such as Vlȃdimir (a male name) and Čȓtomir, which can be declined either way (Vlȃdimir Vlȃdimira/Vlȃdimirja, Čȓtomir Čȓtomira/Čȓtomirja). Some nouns that end in r and silent e can also be declined either way (Tesnière Slovene pronunciation: [tɛnˈjɛ́ːɾ] 'Tesnière' Tesnièra Slovene pronunciation: [tɛnˈjɛ́ːra]/Tesnièrja [tɛnˈjɛ́ːrja], Shakespeare Slovene pronunciation: [ˈʃéːkspiɾ] Shakespeara Slovene pronunciation: [ˈʃéːkspira]/Shakespearja [ˈʃéːkspirja]) 'Shakespeare. Some nouns, such as Madžȃr 'Hungar', sẹ́ver 'north', and Alžir 'Algiers' also follow the o-stem declension. Note that in loanwords, the vowel can be written differently than expected, such as Disney [ˈdíːzni] Disneyja [ˈdíːznija]'Disney' (but Broadway Slovene pronunciation: [ˈbróːdvɛj] Broadwaya [ˈbróːdveja] 'Broadway'). Note that Latin and Greek words can have an ending that ends with a consonant in nominative singular, but they are still j-stem nouns (Ovidius Ovidija 'Ovid').
Nouns ending in non-silent r or vowel, followed by a silent consonant also follow this declension, but the /j/ is only pronounced and not written: (Dumas [diˈmáː] Dumasa [diˈmáːja]) 'Dumas'.
Alternations and other exceptions of the first masculine declension
[edit]First masculine declension has many alternations:
- A relatively small number of masculine nouns have a nominative (and accusative, if inanimate) singular an ending -a (slúga (mostly the nouns that can also follow second masculine declination) 'servant'), -e (finȃle 'final'), -o (Márko (a male name), or -u (Enẹ̑scu 'Enescu'). Sometimes, but not always, the suffixes in Latin loanwords -as, -es, -is, -os, -us, and -um are considered an ending. Examples of this include Leonȋdas Leonȋda 'Leonidas', Ȃvgijas Ȃvgija 'Augeas', Aristọ̄teles Aristọ̄tela 'Aristotle', Juvenȃlis Juvenȃla 'Juvenal', Arhȋlos Arhȋloha 'Archilochus', Tȃcitus Tȃcita 'Tacitus, and Tarẹ̑ntum Tarẹ̑nta 'Taranto'. These suffixes can be omitted (Leonȋd, Aristọ̄tel, Juvenȃl etc.), but if we do so, the stems that end with a vowel must be lengthened with a j, even in nominative case (Ȃvgij 'Augeas', Menelȃj 'Menelaus', Lívij 'Livius', etc.). The lengthening of the stem is also present in other cases if one does not decide to omit the suffix. Other times, the suffix is considered as a part of the stem, such as Rọ̑dos Rọ̑dosa 'Rhodes', and some can be declined both ways, such as ọ̑bolos ọ̑bola/ọ̑bolosa 'Obol' and alpinẹ̑tum alpinẹ̑ta/alpinẹ̑tuma 'Alpine botanical garden'. Modern Greek names are considered not to have an ending in nominative (Makȃrios Makariosa 'Macarios').
- The surname Nepos can have alternatively a stem Nepot- in other cases (Nẹ̑pos Nẹ̑pota).
- some monosyllabic nouns have an -u ending in genitive singular (mọ̑st mostȗ 'bridge', rọ̑d rodȗ 'lineage').
- Many nouns have the stem shortened in cases where the ending is not a null ending (as it is nominative singular), mainly because they have a fill vowel, which is there to ease the pronunciation. The change can be evident in writing, pronunciation, or both:
- In writing, -e at the end of the stem is omitted in some loanwords Wilde Slovene pronunciation: [ˈʋáːjlt] Wilda Slovene pronunciation: [ˈʋáːjlda] 'Wilde' and Laforgue Slovene pronunciation: [laˈfóːrg] Lafforgua [laˈfóːrga] 'Laforgue', but not in cases where that would affect the pronunciation of preceding letters, such as in Wallace [ˈwáːləs]/[ˈváːlis] Wallacea [ʋálisa] 'Wallace' and George [ˈdʒóːɾdʒ] Georgea [ˈdʒóːɾdʒa] 'George', except if it is preventing the nasalisation of the consonant + m/n that precede it, such as Lamartine [lamaɾˈtíːn] Lamartina [lamaɾˈtíːna] 'Lamartine'. If e is followed by other letters, it is kept in all cases, whether it is pronounced or not (Holmes [xóːlms] Holmesa [xóːlmsa] 'Holmes' and Jacques [ʒáːk] Jacquesa [ʒáːka] 'Jacques').
- In pronunciation, when the sound is not written with an e or o, such as in žánr žánra and fílm fílma.
- In both vhen the sound is written by its own letter, usually with an e, but also with a or o, such as pósəł pósla 'business' and sejəm sejma 'fair'. In loanwords from other Slavic languages, fill vowels are preserved if the removal would break other grammatical rules. Examples include Muromec Muromca 'Muromets', Dudok Dudka 'Dudok', Čapek Čapka 'Čapek', Kragujevac Kragujevca 'Kragujevac', and Zadar Zadra 'Zadar', but not Lev 'Leo', because Lev Lva would violate other grammatical rules, so it is declined as Lev Leva. The omission of the sound is also present in some non-Slavic loanwords, such as München [ˈmýːnxən]/[ˈmíːŋxən] Münchna [ˈmíːŋxna] 'Munich', ráster rástra 'raster', but sometimes the sound is preserved in all cases, where it is transformen into /e/ or /o/, such as Ȃndersen Ȃndersena 'Andersen' and Olafsson [ˈóːlafsɔn] Olafssona [ˈóːlafsɔna] 'Ólafsson'.
- In the 19th century the ending -i was often used in the dative/locative singular instead of -u. For example, nominative óče 'father', dative/locative očẹ́ti. Nowadays this ending is considered archaic or dialectal.
- Nouns ending in -io (such as radio [ˈɾáːdijɔ]/[ˈɾàːdijɔ] 'radio') usually follow the soft inflection pattern radio instrumental singular radiem.
- Names ending in a vowel and consonant that is not pronounced are j-stem nouns, and can be written following hard or soft declension, but always pronounced as in soft declension. The added -j- is not written, only pronounced (Marat [maˈɾáː] instrumental singular Maratem/Maratom [maˈɾáːjɛm] 'Marat'). Same happens to those ending in r and a silent consonant (Macquart [makˈáːɾ] instrumental singular Macquartem/Macquartom [makˈáːɾjɛm] 'Macquart').
- Some nouns have the stem lengthened with -ov- in dual and plural, except in genitive case (for example wikt-grȃd nominative dual gradȏva 'castle', grȍb nominative dual grobȏva "grave"). These are usually monosyllabic nouns.
- Some nouns have the ending -je in the nominative plural instead of -i. This is a remnant of the Common Slavic masculine i-stem inflection, which was mostly lost in Slovene except for this ending. For example: študȅnt 'student', nominative plural študéntje, gospọ̑d 'sir, lord', nominative plural gospọ̑dje, kmȅt 'farmer', nominative plural kmẹ́tje, etc. Usually, the regular form is also allowed, but rarely preferred.
- Some nouns (mostly those that have an ending -u in genitive singular) have a null ending in genitive dual/plural (lȃs, genitive plural lás 'hair', zọ̑b genitive plural zọ́b 'tooth'). Some can be declined either way (vọ̑z, genitive plural vozóv/vọ̑z).
- About special stressed endings in plural, see mixed accent nouns.
- Few nouns show the effects of the Slavic second palatalisation in some of the plural forms:
- Many forms of the noun dȃn 'day' have two stems, a shorter one with only the consonants dn-, and a longer one dnẹ̑v-. The longer stem declines as a regular o-stem, while the shorter one has a unique set of endings not shared with any other noun. The formal, most appropriate declension, is a mix of both (the forms in brackets are colloquial):
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | dȃn | dnẹ̑va, dnȋ | dnẹ̑vi |
Genitive | dnẹ̑va, dnẹ̑ | (dnẹ̑vov), dní | (dnẹ̑vov), dní |
Dative | dnẹ̑vu, dnẹ̑vu (styl.) | (dnẹ̑voma), dnẹ̑ma | (dnẹ̑vom), dnẹ̑m |
Accusative | dȃn | dnẹ̑va, dnȋ | dnẹ̑ve, dnȋ |
Locative | dnẹ̑vu, dnẹ̑vu (styl.) | (dnẹ̑vih), dnẹ́h | (dnẹ̑vih), dnẹ́h |
Instrumental | dnẹ̑vom, dnẹ̑m | (dnẹ̑voma), dnẹ̑ma | dnẹ̑vi, (dnẹ̑mi) |
Vocative | dȃn | dnẹ̑va, dnȋ | dnẹ̑vi |
styl. – the form is stylistically marked |
- The masculine noun člóvek 'human, person' is suppletive. In the plural, the stem ljud- is used, which follows the mobile-accent o-stem declension:
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | člóvek | človẹ́ka | ljudjẹ̑ |
Genitive | človẹ́ka | ljudí | ljudí |
Dative | človẹ́ku /
človẹ́ki (styl.) |
človẹ́koma | ljudẹ̑m |
Accusative | človẹ́ka | človẹ́ka | ljudȋ |
Locative | človẹ́ku /
človẹ́ki (styl.) |
ljudẹ́h | ljudẹ́h |
Instrumental | človẹ́kom | človẹ́koma | ljudmí |
Vocative | člȏvek | človẹ̑ka | ljudjẹ̑ |
Fixed accent nouns
[edit]Circumflex nouns have circumflex accent in all cases, however, the acute accent changes considerably.
- Nouns that have circumflex accent in nominative and genitive singular have long circumflex accent in all cases, except the nouns where the stressed vowel changes (e. g. okȍv, dȏm); these follow mixed accent changes. Nouns that can also have mixed accent also follow the same rules, except if they have a null ending in genitive dual/plural; then they have all plural forms except vocative acute, but change to circumflex if used as an adverb and preceded by a preposition: lȃs 'hair', nominative plural lási, genitive plural lás, locative plural lásih.
Long → long | Short → long | Can also have mixed accent,
genitive plural -ø | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | korȃk | korȃka | korȃki | blagoslȍv | blagoslȏva | blagoslȏvi | lȃs | lȃsa | lási |
Genitive | korȃka | korȃkov | korȃkov | blagoslȏva | blagoslȏvov | blagoslȏvov | lȃsa | lás | lás |
Dative | korȃku /
korȃki (styl.) |
korȃkoma | korȃkom | blagoslȏvu /
blagoslȏvi (styl.) |
blagoslȏvoma | blagoslȏvom | lȃsu /
lȃsi (styl.) |
lȃsoma | lásom |
Accusative | korȃk | korȃka | korȃke | blagoslȍv | blagoslȏva | blagoslȏve | lȃs | lȃsa | láse |
Locative | korȃku /
korȃki (styl.) |
korȃkih | korȃkih | blagoslȏvu /
blagoslȏvi (styl.) |
blagoslȏvih | blagoslȏvih | lȃsu /
lȃsi (styl.) |
lásih | lásih |
Instrumental | korȃkom | korȃkoma | korȃki | blagoslȏvom | blagoslȏvoma | blagoslȏvi | lȃsom | lȃsoma | lási |
Vocative | korȃk | korȃka | korȃki | blagoslȍv | blagoslȏva | blagoslȏvi | lȃs | lȃsa | lȃsi |
- Nouns that have long acute accent in nominative and genitive singular have circumflex accent in vocative and allow both in genitive, locative and instrumental plural, and locative dual. In collocations which are used as an adverb, and where the word lost the original meaning, the noun is only allowed to have circumflex accent in accusative and locative plural (e. g. v hrȋbe / v hrȋbih 'on a mountain (lit. in mountains)'):
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | kováč | kováča | kováči |
Genitive | kováča | kovāčev | kovāčev |
Dative | kováču /
kováči (styl.) |
kováčema | kováčem |
Accusative | kováča | kováča | kováče |
Locative | kováču /
kováči (styl.) |
kovāčih | kovāčih |
Instrumental | kováčem | kováčema | kovāči |
Vocative | kovȃč | kovȃča | kovȃči |
styl. – the form is stylistically marked |
- Nouns that have short acute accent in nominative and genitive singular follow the same rules as long acute accented words, but all accents are short:
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | stə̀bər | stə̀bra | stə̀bri |
Genitive | stə̀bra | stə̄brov | stə̄brov |
Dative | stə̀bru /
stə̀bri (styl.) |
stə̀broma | stə̀brom |
Accusative | stə̀ber | stə̀bra | stə̀bre |
Locative | stə̀bru /
stə̀bri (styl.) |
stə̄brih | stə̄brih |
Instrumental | stə̀brom | stə̀broma | stə̄bri |
Vocative | stə̏ber | stə̏bra | stə̏bri |
styl. – the form is stylistically marked |
- Nouns that have circumflex accent in nominative singular and acute in genitive singular allow both forms in locative and dative singular when preceded by a preposition. The only exception are words in which open-mid vowel changes into a close-mid vowel. In these cases, it further depends which ending does it have in genitive plural. In collocations which are used as an adverb, and where the word lost the original meaning, the noun is only allowed to have circumflex accent in accusative and locative plural. (Note that due to simplicity, only the forms that are affected by this rule are shown; for example, kȍnj can also be declined without the change into close-mid vowel.)
Short → long | Short → short | Open-mid → close-mid | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genitive plural ending -ø | Genitive plural ending -ov | |||||||||||
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | fantȅ | fantẹ́ta | fantẹ́ti | pȓst | pŕsta | pŕsti | kȍnj | kónja | kónji | stȍl | stóla | stóli |
Genitive | fantẹ́ta | fantẹ̄tov | fantẹ̄tov | pŕsta | pr̄stov | pr̄stov | kónja | kọ́nj | kọ́nj | stóla | arch. stọ́lov | arch. stọ́lov |
Dative | fantẹ́tu /
fantẹ̄tu (with prep.) |
fantẹ́toma | fantẹ́tom | pŕstu /
pr̄stu |
pŕstoma | pŕstom | kọ́nju /
kọ̑nju (with prep.) |
kónjema | kónjem | arch. stọ́lu / stọ̑lu (with prep.) | stóloma | stólom |
Accusative | fantẹ́ta | fantẹ́ta | fantẹ́te | pȓst | pŕsta | pŕste | kónja | kónja | kónje | stóla | stóla | stóle |
Locative | fantẹ̄tu | fantẹ̄tih | fantẹ̄tih | pr̄stu | pr̄stih | pr̄stih | kọ̑nju | kọ̄njih | kọ̄njih | stọ̑lu | stọ̑lih | stọ̑lih |
Instrumental | fantẹ́tom | fantẹ́toma | fantẹ̄ti | pŕstom | pŕstoma | pr̄sti | kónjem | kónjema | arch. kọ́nji | stólu | stóloma | arch. stọ́li |
Vocative | fantȅ | fantẹ̑ta | fantẹ̑ti | pȓst | pȓsta | pȓsti | kȍnj | kȏnja | kȏnji | stȍl | stȏla | stȏli |
Mobile accent nouns
[edit]Mobile accent nouns transfer the stress to the following syllable in all cases but nominative, vocative, and accusative (if the same as nominative) singular.
- Nouns that have circumflex accent in genitive singular, although rare, have circumflex accent in all forms:
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | dȗal | duȃla | duȃli |
Genitive | duȃla | duȃlov | duȃlov |
Dative | duȃlu /
duȃli (styl.) |
duȃloma | duȃlom |
Accusative | dȗal | duȃla | duȃle |
Locative | duȃlu /
duȃli (styl.) |
duȃlih | duȃlih |
Instrumental | duȃlom | duȃloma | duȃli |
Vocative | dȗal | duȃla | duȃli |
styl. – the form is stylistically marked |
- Nouns that have acute accent in genitive singular change the accent the same way as fixed accent nouns with circumflex in nominative singular and acute in genitive singular when the stress is on the latter syllable and have acute accent when the stress in on the original syllable:
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | rázred | razrẹ́da | razrẹ́di |
Genitive | razrẹ́da | razrẹ̄dov | razrẹ̄dov |
Dative | razrẹ́du /
razrẹ̄du (with prep.) |
razrẹ́doma | razrẹ́dom |
Accusative | rázred | razrẹ́da | razrẹ́de |
Locative | razrẹ̄du | razrẹ̄dih | razrẹ̄dih |
Instrumental | razrẹ́dom | razrẹ́doma | razrẹ̄di |
Vocative | rȃzred | razrẹ̑da | razrẹ̑di |
note: dative and locative can also have a stylistically marked ending -i. |
Ending accent nouns
[edit]Short ending vowels are always circumflex while long ending ones follow the same pattern as mixed accent nouns that have circumflex accent in nominative singular and when the accent is on the stem, the accent is long and acute. There is a slight difference between soft and hard stems in genitive dual/plural, because soft declension only allows short circumflex accent whereas hard declension allows long acute and short circumflex.
Hard | Soft | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Plural | |
Nominative | pə̏s | psȁ | psȉ | dobrcȉ |
Genitive | psȁ | psȍv / psóv | psȍv / psóv | dobrcȅv |
Dative | psȕ /
psȉ (styl.) |
psóma /
psomȁ (styl.) |
psȍm | dobrcȅm |
Accusative | psȁ | psȁ | psȅ | dobrcȅ |
Locative | psȕ /
psȉ (styl.) |
psȉh | psȉh | dobrcȉh |
Instrumental | psȍm | psóma /
psomȁ (styl.) |
psȉ | dobrcȉ |
Vocative | pȅs | psȁ | psȉ | dobrcȉ |
styl. – the form is stylistically marked |
Mixed accent nouns
[edit]For the mixed accent nouns with long accent, many different factors determine the accent. The accent is usually circumflex, except in these cases:
- Genitive dual/plural, locative dual/plural and instrumental is acute if the accent is on the last syllable: člóvek 'human', genitive plural ljudí, dȃr 'gift', genitive plural daróv, lȃs 'hair', genitive plural lás (but grȃd 'castle', locative plural gradȏvih). This happens in genitive case in all words, no matter the ending, and in words that do not have -ov lengthening in locative and instrumental. Those without the infix do not have an ending in genitive plural, dative plural ending is -ẹ̑m instead of -om / -em, accusative plural is still -ẹ̑, locative dual/plural ending -ẹ́h instead of -ih, instrumental plural -mí instead of -i, and dative and instrumental dual ending is -ẹ̑ma instead of -oma / -ema. This rule does not necessarily apply to irregular nouns.
- Stressed vowel in nominative plural ending -je is close-mid (-jẹ̑): lȃs 'hair', nominative plural lasjẹ̑, mȏž 'man', nominative plural možjẹ̑.
- Dative and locative singular is acute if the stressed vowel is open-mid (e or o): gnȏj 'manure' gnóju.
- When used as an adverb, uncountable nouns or nouns that have ending -ẹ́h in locative dual/plural (those that do not lengthen the stem) allow both accents in locative singular. Words that can also have a form with open-mid vowel in locative singular.
- Nouns that allow both the stem or the ending to be accented usually have the stem accented when preceded by a preposition and have the ending accented when they are not.
- Dative and instrumental dual can have the accent either on the ending or the stem. If the accent is on the stem, it is long.
- Nouns that switch accent only in plural on in only one case follow fixed accent changes when the accent does not shift.
- Nouns can also colloquially have fixed accent. See fixed accent for that.
Here are declensions for some mixed accent nouns, but keep in mind that they have several different changes and only relevant forms are written:
Stem lengthening with -ov | Nominative plural -jẹ̑,
genitive plural -ø |
Open-mid vowel in locative singular,
uncountable | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | |
Nominative | grȃd | gradȏva | gradȏvi | mọ̑ž | možȃ | možjẹ̑ | gnọ̑j |
Genitive | gradȗ* | gradóv | gradóv | možȃ | mọ́ž | mọ́ž | gnojȃ |
Dative | grȃdu | gradȏvoma | gradȏvom | mọ̑žu | možẹ̑ma /
možȏma |
možẹ̑m | gnọ̑ju / gnóju** |
Accusative | grȃd | gradȏva | gradȏve | možȃ | možȃ | možẹ̑ | gnọ̑j |
Locative | grȃdu | gradȏvih | gradȏvih | mọ̑žu | možẹ́h | možẹ́h | gnọ̑ju / gnóju |
Instrumental | grȃdom | gradȏvoma | gradȏvi | mọ̑žem | možẹ̑ma /
možȏma |
možmí | gnọ̑jem |
Vocative | grȃd | gradȏva | gradȏvi | mọ̑ž | možȃ | možjẹ̑ | gnọ̑j |
Irregular | Irregular | ||||||
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
Nominative | lȃs | lȃsa | lasjẹ̑ | brẹ̑g | brẹ̑ga | brẹ̑gi /
bregȏvi |
|
Genitive | lasȗ | lás | lás | brẹ̑ga | brẹ̑gov | brẹ̑gov | |
Dative | lȃsu | lȃsoma | lasẹ̑m | brẹ̑gu | brẹ̑goma | brẹ̑gom /
bregȏvom |
|
Accusative | lȃs | lȃsa | lasẹ̑ | brẹ̑g | brẹ̑ga | brẹ̑ge /
brẹ̑gove |
|
Locative | lȃsu | lasẹ́h | lasẹ́h | brẹ̑gu /
brẹ̄gu (used as an adverb) |
brẹ̑gih /
bregȏvih / bregẹ́h |
brẹ̑gih /
bregȏvih / bregẹ́h |
|
Instrumental | lȃsom | lȃsoma | lasmí | brẹ̑gom | brẹ̑goma | brẹ̑gi /
bregȏvi |
|
Vocative | lȃs | lȃsa | lasjẹ̑ | brẹ̑g | brẹ̑ga | brẹ̑gi /
bregȏvi |
|
*Genitive singular ending -u does not affect the accent or other endings.
**The form is given as an example in Slovenski pravopis, the book by which Slovene is regulated, however in the same book, it is not listed as an appropriate form of the word. |
Mixed accent nouns with short accent follow the same pattern as ending accent nouns (including the difference bətween soft and hard stems), except in nominative and vocative (and accusative if the same as nominative) singular, and dative and instrumental dual, where the accent is on the stem and acute if long:
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | bə̏t | bətȁ | bətȉ |
Genitive | bətȁ | bətȍv /
bətóv |
bətȍv /
bətóv |
Dative | bətȕ
/ bətȉ (styl.) |
bȅtoma | bətȍm |
Accusative | bə̏t | bətȁ | bətȅ |
Locative | bətȕ /
bətȉ (styl.) |
bətȉh | bətȉh |
Instrumental | bətȍm | bȅtoma | bətȉ |
Vocative | bȅt | bətȁ | bətȉ |
styl. – the form is stylistically marked |
Second masculine declension (masculine a-stem declension)
[edit]Second masculine declension follow nouns whose genitive singular ending is -e (slúga slúge), except the noun dan (dȃn dnẹ̑).
Second masculine declension has the same endings as first feminine declension, however, not all alterations apply here. Animate and inanimate nouns are not declined differently, but the words that modify the noun still have those distinctions.
All nouns following the second masculine declension can also follow first masculine declension, but keeping the ending in nominative singular. They can also be feminized in dual and plural, following first feminine declension (essentially, the endings do not change).
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | -a | -i | -e |
Genitive | -e | - | - |
Dative | -i | -ama | -am |
Accusative | -o | -i | -e |
Locative | -i | -ah | -ah |
Instrumental | -o | -ama | -ami |
Vocative | -a | -i | -e |
Alternations and other exceptions of the second masculine declension
[edit]- In nominative singular, some words, such as kamikȃze 'kamikaze', have an -e ending.
- In genitive dual and genitive plural, nouns ending in consonant + j, have an i inserted between, such as delovọ̑dja genitive plural delovọ̑dij.
Accent
[edit]Second masculine declension follow only fixed accent nouns. These can be circumflex or acute.
- Circumflex nouns are always circumflex:
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | vọ̑jvoda | vọ̑jvodi | vọ̑jvode |
Genitive | vọ̑jvode | vọ̑jvod | vọ̑jvod |
Dative | vọ̑jvodi | vọ̑jvodama | vọ̑jvodam |
Accusative | vọ̑jvodo | vọ̑jvodi | vọ̑jvode |
Locative | vọ̑jvodi | vọ̑jvodah | vọ̑jvodah |
Instrumental | vọ̑jvodo | vọ̑jvodama | vọ̑jvodami |
Vocative | vọ̑jvoda | vọ̑jvodi | vọ̑jvode |
- Acute accent changes into circumflex in genitive dual/plural and vocative case and is either acute or circumflex in instrumental singular:
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | slúga | slúgi | slúge |
Genitive | slúge | slȗg | slȗg |
Dative | slúgi | slúgama | slúgam |
Accusative | slúgo | slúgi | slúge |
Locative | slúgi | slúgah | slúgah |
Instrumental | slūgo | slúgama | slúgami |
Vocative | slȗga | slȗgi | slȗge |
Third masculine declension (masculine declension without endings)
[edit]Third masculine declension follow nouns whose genitive singular (or in any other case) ending is a null ending (-). This includes all letters, as well as some other words, such as nebọ́digatrẹ́ba 'menace', jȍj/jọ̑j 'oh', and čačačȃ 'Cha-cha-cha'. There are, however, only a handful of words that feel natural to be declined this way; for many of them, it is preferred to be declined following the first masculine declension. Alternations of the first declension must then be applied, and since all consonant letters are usually pronounced as consonant + ə̏, all letters, except for X [ˈíːks] and Y [ˈíːpsilɔn] must follow the j-stem version of the first declension (K K-ja). Exceptions are F, L, M, N, R, S, and Š, which can also be pronounced [ˈɛ́f], [ˈɛ́l], [ˈɛ́m], [ˈɛ́n], [ˈɛ́ɾ], [ˈɛ́s], and [ˈɛ́ʃ], respectively and can therefore follow the o-stem version (F F-ja/F-a), and the pronunciacion changes accordingly. Although there is a hyphen between the letter and j, keep in mind that j ist still part of the stem, not the ending.
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | - | - | - |
Genitive | - | - | - |
Dative | - | - | - |
Accusative | - | - | - |
Locative | - | - | - |
Instrumental | - | - | - |
Vocative | - | - | - |
Alternations and other exceptions of the third masculine declension
[edit]- Most of the time, nouns nebọ́digatrẹ́ba 'menace' and nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba 'menaces' are considered one irregular noun instead of two nouns that only have a singular and a plural form, respectively. In that case, the infix -ga- is changed to -jih- in dual and plural. The infix is actually a personal pronoun ȍn 'he' in genitive case, but the dual form is still nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba, and not with an infix -ju- as would be expected:
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | nebọ́digatrẹ́ba | nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba | nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba |
Genitive | nebọ́digatrẹ́ba | nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba | nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba |
Dative | nebọ́digatrẹ́ba | nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba | nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba |
Accusative | nebọ́digatrẹ́ba | nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba | nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba |
Locative | nebọ́digatrẹ́ba | nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba | nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba |
Instrumental | nebọ́digatrẹ́ba | nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba | nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba |
Vocative | nebọ̑digatrẹ̑ba | nebọ̑dijihtrẹ̑ba | nebọ̑dijihtrẹ̑ba |
Accent
[edit]Words declined this way always have fixed accent, which is the same throughout, no matter if it is circumflex or acute, long or short. The only exception is vocative, where the accent is circumflex.
Circumflex | Acute | Short | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | kojnẹ̑ | kojnẹ̑ | kojnẹ̑ | cáker | cáker | cáker | kȁnt | kȁnt | kȁnt |
Genitive | kojnẹ̑ | kojnẹ̑ | kojnẹ̑ | cáker | cáker | cáker | kȁnt | kȁnt | kȁnt |
Dative | kojnẹ̑ | kojnẹ̑ | kojnẹ̑ | cáker | cáker | cáker | kȁnt | kȁnt | kȁnt |
Accusative | kojnẹ̑ | kojnẹ̑ | kojnẹ̑ | cáker | cáker | cáker | kȁnt | kȁnt | kȁnt |
Locative | kojnẹ̑ | kojnẹ̑ | kojnẹ̑ | cáker | cáker | cáker | kȁnt | kȁnt | kȁnt |
Instrumental | kojnẹ̑ | kojnẹ̑ | kojnẹ̑ | cáker | cáker | cáker | kȁnt | kȁnt | kȁnt |
Vocative | kojnẹ̑ | kojnẹ̑ | kojnẹ̑ | cȃker | cȃker | cȃker | kȁnt | kȁnt | kȁnt |
Fourth masculine declension (masculine i-/e-stem declension)
[edit]Fourth masculine declension follow nouns whose genitive singular ending is -ega. The nouns following this declension were derived from an adjective, and are therefore nominalized adjectives. They are derived from the definite forms of the adjective, hence the ending -i in nominative singular. This declension also differentiates between animate and inanimate nouns in the same way as the first one. The declension is the same as declension for masculine adjectives.
Some masculine nominalized adjectives, mostly proper nouns, are declined using first male declension. In addition, most of them have a null ending - in nominative singular, only rarely do they have an ending -i. Examples include Mẹ̑den Mẹ̑dena 'Meden', Raztrẹ̑sen Raztrẹ̑senega 'Raztresen', tráven trávna 'April, May' etc.
Names in other languages ending in [-ski] (or similarly look like definite adjectives) that are from non-Slavic languages are declined using the first declension (Tedẹ̑schi Tedẹ̑schija 'Tedeschi, McClọ̑sky McClọ̑skyja 'McClosky', Kreisky Kreiskyja/Kreiskega 'Kreisky') and those from Slavic languages are declined using the fourth declension (Vranȋtzky Vranȋtzkega 'Vranitzky', Hradẹ̑tzky Hradẹ̑tzkega 'Hradetzky' etc.
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | -i | -a | -i |
Genitive | -ega | -ih | -ih |
Dative | -emu | -ima | -im |
Accusative | -ega | -a | -e |
Locative | -em | -ih | -ih |
Instrumental | -im | ima | -imi |
Vocative | -i | -a | -i |
Alternations and other exceptions of the fourth masculine declension
[edit]- The -i sound in nominative singular and plural is in some loanwords written with y, but not in other cases (Chomsky, nominative plural Chomsky, instrumental singular Chomskim).
- Vast majority nouns are declined as animate (Nedeljski, accusative singular Nedeljskega 'a Sunday issue of the newspaper Dnevnik').
- Other irregularities that adjectives and adjectival pronouns possess also apply here.
- For the different endings in nominative singular, see first adjective declension.
Accent
[edit]These nouns decline the same way as definite masculine forms of adjectives following the first adjectival declension do. Therefore, only fixed and ending accentual types exist. For accent changes when nominalizing, see § Accent of nomnalized adjectives.
First feminine declension
[edit]First feminine declension follow nouns whose genitive singular ending is -e (lípa lípe), except if genitive plural has an ending -ih (dežȗrna genitive plural dežȗrnih), those follow the fourth feminine declension. Those ending in [-əu̯] and nouns máti 'mother' and hčȋ 'daughter' also follow this declension. In plural, genitive case has a null ending (víle vȋl 'pitchfork').
The first feminine declension is the most common pattern for feminine nouns. There is no distinction between hard and soft stems (the declension used in modern Slovene was historically the soft one and the merge happened in Alpine Slavic).
Feminine a-stem declension
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png)
The standard declension of first feminine declension is the a-stem declension.
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | -a | -i | -e |
Genitive | -e | - | - |
Dative | -i | -ama | -am |
Accusative | -o | -i | -e |
Locative | -i | -ah | -ah |
Instrumental | -o | -ama | -ami |
Vocative | -a | -i | -e |
Feminine r-stem declension
[edit]This declension subtype follow only the nouns máti 'mother' and hči 'daughter'. They have a different stem in nominative singular than in other cases and numbers. (mati matere, hči hčere). There are also minor changes to the endings in singular.
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | -i | -i | -e |
Genitive | -e | - | - |
Dative | -i | -ama | -am |
Accusative | - | -i | -e |
Locative | -i | -ah | -ah |
Instrumental | -jo | -ama | -ami |
Vocative | -i | -i | -e |
Feminine v-stem declension
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png)
A small number of feminine nouns belongs to the feminine v-stem declension, with the ending -əv (in which the -ə- is a fill vowel). These inflect as r-stems, but with the i-stem instrumental singular ending -ijo and have a null ending in nominative singular. Many nouns in this group can colloquially also inflect as regular a-stems, with the nominative singular ending in -va and accusative and instrumental singular in -vo.
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | - | -i | -e |
Genitive | -e | - | - |
Dative | -i | -ama | -am |
Accusative | - | -i | -e |
Locative | -i | -ah | -ah |
Instrumental | -ijo | -ama | -ami |
Vocative | - | -i | -e |
Feminine n-stem declension
[edit]Only few nouns have their stems lengthend with -n, except in nominative singular. The most common example is Jȗno (Jȗno Junọ̑ne), which can also be declined following the third feminine declension (Juno Juno 'Juno') or as an a-stem noun (Junọ̑na Junọ̑ne). The endings are the same as for a-stem nouns. N-stem declension did not exist in Proto-Slavic (at least not for feminine nouns) and it evolved later.
Alternations and other exceptions of the first feminine declension
[edit]- Some nouns have ending -e (Melpomene Melpomene 'Melpomene'), silent -e (Marguerite [maɾgaˈɾíːt] Marguerite [maɾgaˈɾíːte] 'Marguerite'), -o (Klȋo Klȋe 'Clio'), or a null ending (Artẹ̑mis Artẹ̑mide 'Artemis'), but most of them also have regularvernacular versions (Melpomena, Margerita, Artemida). The non-vernacular versions can also be declined following the third feminine declension.
- Latin and Greek names can change the stem from -s to -d (Artẹ̑mis Artẹ̑mide) 'Artemis', -n (Salamȋs Salamȋne 'Salamis'), or -r (Cȇres Cȇrere 'Ceres'). These also have vernacular versions for nominative singular (Artẹ̑mida, Salamȋna, Cȇrera).
- Mixed accent nouns have in nominative dual (along with the usual ending -i) ending -e that is accented (vóda vóde/vodẹ̄, nominative dual vódi/vodẹ̑).
- Some mixed accent nouns can in gentitive dual/plural also have ending -a (vóda genitive dual/plural vód/vodā 'stream, lake', cẹ́rkəv genitive dual/plural cẹ̑rkəv/cerkvā 'church') or -i (besẹ̑da genitive dual/plural besedī 'word')
- Nouns ending in a sonorant have an added fill vowel in genitive dual/plural. The fill vowel is usually /ə/, except before -j-, where the fill vowel is /i/. In some words, the fill vowel is not written, only pronounced (note that lj and nj represent only one sound when not followed by a vowel): dẹ́kla genitive dual/plural dẹ̑kəl 'maidservant', lādja genitive dual/plural lȃdij 'ship', zémlja genitive dual/plural zēməlj 'soil'.
- Nouns of which the stem ends in a vowel also have an added -j in genitive dual/plural if without an ending: ọ̑boa genitive dual/plural ọ̑boj etc.
- The noun gospá 'lady, madam' is irregular and has acute accent on all the endings except in vocative.
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | gospá | gospẹ́ | gospẹ́ |
Genitive | gospẹ́ | gospá | gospá |
Dative | gospẹ́ /
gospẹ́j (styl.) |
gospẹ́ma | gospẹ́m |
Accusative | gospọ́ | gospẹ́ | gospẹ́ |
Locative | gospẹ́ /
gospẹ́j (styl.) |
gospẹ́h | gospẹ́h |
Instrumental | gospọ́ | gospẹ́ma | gospẹ́mi |
Vocative | gospȃ | gospẹ̑ | gospẹ̑ |
styl. – stylistically marked |
Fixed accent nouns
[edit]- Circumflex nouns are always circumflex:
Long | Short | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | slȗžba | slȗžbi | slȗžbe | də̏ska | də̏ski | də̏ske |
Genitive | slȗžbe | slȗžb | slȗžb | də̏ske | də̏sk | də̏sk |
Dative | slȗžbi | slȗžbama | slȗžbam | də̏ski | də̏skama | də̏skam |
Accusative | slȗžbo | slȗžbi | slȗžbe | də̏sko | də̏ski | də̏ske |
Locative | slȗžbi | slȗžbah | slȗžbah | də̏ski | də̏skah | də̏skah |
Instrumental | slȗžbo | slȗžbama | slȗžbami | də̏sko | də̏skama | də̏skami |
Vocative | slȗžba | slȗžbi | slȗžbe | də̏ska | də̏ski | də̏ske |
- Acute nouns have circumflex accent in vocative, genitive dual/plural and instrumental singular. When used as an adverb, accusative and instrumental singular can only be circumflex, and nouns that can also have mixed accent also have accusative plural circumflex:
Long | Short | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | lípa | lípi | lípe | dèska [də̀ska] | dèski | dèske |
Genitive | lípe | lȋp | lȋp | dèske | dèsk | dèsk |
Dative | lípi | lípama | lípam | dèski | dèskama | dèskam |
Accusative | lípo | lípi | lípe | dèsko | dèski | dèske |
Locative | lípi | lípah | lípah | dèski | dèskah | dèskah |
Instrumental | lȋpo | lípama | lípami | dèsko | dèskama | dèskami |
Vocative | lȋpa | lȋpi | lȋpe | dèska | dèski | dèske |
- Acute nouns allow both tones in instrumental singular if the stressed vowel is open-mid:
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | kóšnja | kóšnji | kóšnje |
Genitive | kóšnje | kȏšenj | kȏšenj |
Dative | kóšnji | kóšnjama | kóšnjam |
Accusative | kóšnjo | kóšnji | kóšnje |
Locative | kóšnji | kóšnjah | kóšnjah |
Instrumental | kōšnjo | kóšnjama | kóšnjami |
Vocative | kȏšnja | kȏšnji | kȏšnje |
- r-stem and v-stem nouns change the accent a bit differently; circumflex nouns are still circumflex in all cases, but acute ones change to circumflex in vocative, instrumental singular and genitive dual/plural. If the nouns also allow mixed accent, then the mixed accent declension follows the same rules:
Circumflex | Acute | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | podražȋtəv | podražȋtvi | podražȋtve | cẹ́rkəv | cẹ́rkvi | cẹ́rkve |
Genitive | podražȋtve | podražȋtəv | podražȋtəv | cẹ́rkve | cẹ̑rkəv | cẹ̑rkəv |
Dative | podražȋtvi | podražȋtvama | podražȋtvam | cẹ́rkvi | cẹ́rkvama | cẹ́rkvam |
Accusative | podražȋtəv | podražȋtvi | podražȋtve | cẹ́rkəv | cẹ́rkvi | cẹ́rkve |
Locative | podražȋtvi | podražȋtvah | podražȋtvah | cẹ́rkvi | cẹ́rkvah | cẹ́rkvah |
Instrumental | podražȋtvijo | podražȋtvama | podražȋtvami | cẹ̑rkvijo | cẹ́rkvama | cẹ́rkvami |
Vocative | podražȋtəv | podražȋtvi | podražȋtve | cẹ̑rkəv | cẹ̑rkvi | cẹ̑rkve |
Mobile accent nouns
[edit]Mobile accent nouns are very rare and are always circumflex:
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | Jȗno | Junọ̑ni | Junọ̑ne |
Genitive | Junọ̑ne | Junọ̑n | Junọ̑n |
Dative | Junọ̑ni | Junọ̑nama | Junọ̑nam |
Accusative | Junọ̑no | Junọ̑ni | Junọ̑ne |
Locative | Junọ̑ni | Junọ̑nah | Junọ̑nah |
Instrumental | Junọ̑no | Junọ̑nama | Junọ̑nam |
Vocative | Jȗno | Junọ̑ni | Junọ̑ne |
Ending accent nouns
[edit]These nouns are short and circumflex, except if the accent is long; then they follow the same pattern as mixed accent nouns, but genitive dual/plural is circumflex if there is a null ending. The pattern is the same for words of which stems do not have a vowel and words which have the optional stress before the meglȁ → mègla shift.
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | stezȁ [stəzȁ] | stezȉ /
stezẹ̑ (styl.) |
stezȅ /
stezẹ̑ |
Genitive | stezȅ /
stezẹ̄ (styl.) |
stȅz / stezá | stȅz / stezá |
Dative | stezȉ | stezȃma | stezȁm |
Accusative | stezȍ /
stezọ̑ (styl.) |
stezȉ /
stezẹ̑ (styl.) |
stezȅ /
stezẹ̑ |
Locative | stezȉ | stezȁh | stezȁh |
Instrumental | stezȍ /
stezọ́ (styl.) |
stezȃma | stezȃmi |
Vocative | stezȁ | stezȉ /
stezẹ̑ (styl.) |
stezȅ /
stezẹ̑ |
styl. – stylistically marked |
Mixed accent nouns
[edit]These nouns can only be acute in nominative singular, but the stressed endings are acute, except genitive case, where both forms are allowed and in instrumental singular, where it is acute. In genitive dual/plural, they usually have an ending -a or -i, but if they do not, the vowel is acute, or acute or circumflex if it is a fill vowel /a/. All words can also have fixed accent, but nouns that in genitive dual/plural have a null ending have the same form as in the mixed accent.
Genitive plural -a / -i | Genitive plural -ø | Genitive plural has a fill vowel | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | góra | góri /
gorẹ̑ (styl.) |
gorẹ̑ | nóga | nógi /
nogẹ̑ (styl.) |
nogẹ̑ | óvca | óvci /
ovcẹ̑ (styl.) |
ovcẹ̑ |
Genitive | gorẹ̄ | gorā | gorā | nogẹ̄ | nọ́g | nọ́g | ovcẹ̄ | ovāc | ovāc |
Dative | góri | gorȃma | gorȁm | nógi | nogȃma | nogȁm | óvci | ovcȃma | ovcȁm |
Accusative | gorọ̑ | góri /
gorẹ̑ (styl.) |
gorẹ̑ | nogọ̑ | nógi /
nogẹ̑ (styl.) |
nogẹ̑ | ovcọ̑ | óvci /
ovcẹ̑ (styl.) |
ovcẹ̑ |
Locative | góri | gorȁh | gorȁh | nógi | nogȁh | nogȁh | óvci | ovcȁh | ovcȁh |
Instrumental | gorọ́ | gorȃma | gorȃmi | nogọ́ | nogȃma | nogȃmi | ovcọ́ | ovcȃma | ovcȃmi |
Vocative | gȏra | gȏri /
gorẹ̑ (styl.) |
gorẹ̑ | nȏgo | nȏgi /
nogẹ̑ (styl.) |
nogẹ̑ | ȏvca | ȏvci /
ovcẹ̑ (styl.) |
ovcẹ̑ |
Second feminine declension (feminine i-stem declension)
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png)
The second feminine declension is less common. It is used primarily by the widely productive abstract noun suffix -ost, but a fair number of other nouns (mostly of Common Slavic origin) also follow it. The endings, however are different if the noun follows the mixed or ending accentual type that if the accent is always on the stem.
Fixed and mobile accent | Ending and mixed accent | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | - | -i | -i | - | -i | -i |
Genitive | -i | -i | -i | -i | -i | -i |
Dative | -i | -ma / -imi | -im | -i | -ema | -em |
Accusative | - | -i | -i | - | -i | -i |
Locative | -i | -ih | -ih | -i | -eh | -eh |
Instrumental | -jo | -ma / -imi | -mi | -jo | -ema | -mi |
Vocative | - | -i | -i | - | -i | -i |
Alternations and other exceptions of the second feminine declension
[edit]- Nouns with stems that end in a non-sonorant consonant and a sonorant have a fill vowel inserted between them in nominative and accusative singular and add i at the end of their stem in cases when the ending does not begin with a vowel (instrumental in all numbers and dative dual), such as mȋsəł mȋsli, instrumental singular mȋslijo, dative/instrumental dual mȋslima, instrumental plural mȋslimi 'thought' and svȋsli dative plural svȋslima 'hayloft'.
- Nouns with stems ending in -j have an ending -o in instrumental singular (pọ́stelj instrumental singular pọ̄steljo 'bed' (archaically)).
- When used as an adverb, some also change the accent e. g. na pọ̑mlad 'in the spring', s pọ̑ti/s potȋ '[to move something] off the way'
- The feminine noun krȋ 'blood' follows the mixed accent type, but replaces the final -v with -i in the nominative and accusative singular.
Singular | |
---|---|
Nominative | krȋ |
Genitive | krvȋ |
Dative | kŕvi |
Accusative | krȋ |
Locative | kŕvi |
Instrumental | krvjọ́ |
Vocative | krȋ |
Fixed accent nouns
[edit]- Nouns that are circumflex in nomnative and genitive singular have circumflex accent in all cases, and the short accent becomes long:
Long → long | Short → long | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | pošȃst | pošȃsti | pošȃsti | nȉt | nȋti | nȋti |
Genitive | pošȃsti | pošȃsti | pošȃsti | nȋti | nȋti | nȋti |
Dative | pošȃsti | pošȃstma /
pošȃstima |
pošȃstim | nȋti | nȋtma /
nȋtima |
nȋtim |
Accusative | pošȃst | pošȃsti | pošȃsti | nȉt | nȋti | nȋti |
Locative | pošȃsti | pošȃstih | pošȃstih | nȋti | nȋtih | nȋtih |
Instrumental | pošȃstjo | pošȃstma /
pošȃstima |
pošȃstmi | nȋtjo | nȋtma /
nȋtima |
nȋtmi |
Vocative | pošȃst | pošȃsti | pošȃsti | nȉt | nȋti | nȋti |
- Nouns that are acute in nominative and genitive singular follow two patterns, depending if the stress in (in that case) on the second to last syllable or is already before, which in regular nouns translates into whether the stress in on the penultimate on the last syllable in nominative singular:
Stress on the penultimate syllable | Stress on the last syllable | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | stárost | stárosti | stárosti | lúč | lúči | lúči |
Genitive | stárosti | stárosti | stárosti | lúči | lūči | lūči |
Dative | stárosti | stárostma /
stárostima |
stárostim | lúči | lūčma /
lúčima |
lúčim |
Accusative | stárost | stárosti | stárosti | lúč | lúči | lúči |
Locative | stárosti | stárostih | stárostih | lúči | lūčih | lūčih |
Instrumental | stārostjo | stárostma /
stárostima |
stárostmi | lȗčjo | lūčma /
lúčima |
lūčmi |
Vocative | stȃrost | stȃrosti | stȃrosti | lȗč | lȗči | lȗči |
- Noun that are circumflex in nominative singular and acute in genitive singular change the accent very similarly to acute nouns. Vocative and Instrumental singular is circumflex, genitive dual/plural allows both accents, and locative dual/plural, instrumental dual and plural, and dative dual also allow both accents if the penultimate syllable is stressed.
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | mȉš | míši | míši |
Genitive | míši | mīši | mīši |
Dative | míši | mīšma /
míšima |
míšim |
Accusative | mȉš | míši | míši |
Locative | míši | mīših | mīših |
Instrumental | mȋšjo | mīšma /
míšima |
mīšmi |
Vocative | mȉš | mȋši | mȋši |
Mobile accent nouns
[edit]These nouns can be either circumflex or acute in nominative singular, but all of them are circumflex in all other forms:
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | senóžet | senožẹ̑ti | senožẹ̑ti |
Genitive | senožẹ̑ti | senožẹ̑ti | senožẹ̑ti |
Dative | senožẹ̑ti | senožẹ̑tma /
senožẹ̑tima |
senožẹ̑tim |
Accusative | senóžet | senožẹ̑ti | senožẹ̑ti |
Locative | senožẹ̑ti | senožẹ̑tih | senožẹ̑tih |
Instrumental | senožẹ̑tjo | senožẹ̑tma /
senožẹ̑tima |
senožẹ̑tmi |
Vocative | senȏžet | senožẹ̑ti | senožẹ̑ti |
Ending accent nouns
[edit]There are two subtypes. The first one is not purely ending accent as it has accent on the stem in dative and locative singular and appears if a long fill vowel is stressed in nominative singular. In that case the e and o accented on the stem are open-mid. The other form is present if short fill vowel is stressed in nominative singular.
Long fill vowel | Short fill vowel (/ə/) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | ravȃn | ravnȋ | ravnȋ | debə̏r | debrȋ | debrȋ |
Genitive | ravnȋ | ravnī | ravnī | debrȋ | debrī | debrī |
Dative | rávni | ravnẹ̄ma | ravnẹ̄m | debrȉ | debrẹ̄ma | debrẹ̄m |
Accusative | ravȃn | ravnȋ | ravnȋ | debə̏r | debrȋ | debrȋ |
Locative | rávni | ravnẹ́h | ravnẹ́h | debrȉ | debrẹ́h | debrẹ́h |
Instrumental | ravnjọ́ | ravnẹ̄ma | ravnmí | debrijọ́ | debrẹ̄ma | debrmí |
Vocative | ravȃn | ravnȋ | ravnȋ | debə̏r | debrȋ | debrȋ |
Mixed accent nouns
[edit]These nouns can only be circumflex and follow the same pattern as ending accent nouns with long as a fill vowel. If the accent is on e or o in dative singular, the vowels are open-mid.
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | stvȃr | stvarȋ | stvarȋ |
Genitive | stvarȋ | stvarī | stvarī |
Dative | stvári | stvarẹ̄ma | stvarẹ̄m |
Accusative | stvȃr | stvarȋ | stvarȋ |
Locative | stvári | stvarẹ́h | stvarẹ́h |
Instrumental | stvarjọ́ | starẹ̄ma | stvarmí |
Vocative | stvȃr | stvarȋ | stvarȋ |
Third feminine declension (feminine declension without endings)
[edit]Third feminine declension follow nouns whose genitive singular (or in any other case) ending is a null ending (-). This declension follow surnames of women (but those ending in -a can also follow first feminine declension), female names, which do not have an ending -a or -e in nominative singular (except most of the Latin and Greek names), such as Kȃrin, Ȋnes, and KȊti, acronyms that keep the feminine gender of the word(s) they represent and do not end in an unstressed a (SAZȖ SAZU 'Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts' and ZDA ZDȂ) 'USA', diminutives of female names and common nouns ending in -i (Ȃni Ȃni (a female name), Mȃlči Mȃlči (a female name), mȃmi mȃmi 'mommy', bȃbi bȃbi 'granny'), and some other words, such as spẹ̄cies spẹ̄cies.
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | - | - | - |
Genitive | - | - | - |
Dative | - | - | - |
Accusative | - | - | - |
Locative | - | - | - |
Instrumental | - | - | - |
Vocative | - | - | - |
Alternations and other exceptions of the third feminine declension
[edit]- Some names can also follow first feminine declension (Rȗth Rȗthe/Rȗth 'Ruth')
- Sometimes, nouns nebọ́dijetrẹ́ba 'menace', nebọ́dijutrẹ́ba 'two menaces', and nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba 'menaces' are considered one irregular noun instead of three nouns that only have a singular, dual, and a plural form, respectively. In that case, the infix -je- is changed to -ju- in dual and to -jih- in plural. The infix is actually a personal pronoun óna 'she' in genitive case:
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | nebọ́dijetrẹ́ba | nebọ́dijutrẹ́ba | nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba |
Genitive | nebọ́dijetrẹ́ba | nebọ́dijutrẹ́ba | nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba |
Dative | nebọ́dijetrẹ́ba | nebọ́dijutrẹ́ba | nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba |
Accusative | nebọ́dijetrẹ́ba | nebọ́dijutrẹ́ba | nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba |
Locative | nebọ́dijetrẹ́ba | nebọ́dijutrẹ́ba | nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba |
Instrumental | nebọ́dijetrẹ́ba | nebọ́dijutrẹ́ba | nebọ́dijihtrẹ́ba |
Vocative | nebọ̑dijetrẹ̑ba | nebọ̑dijutrẹ̑ba | nebọ̑dijihtrẹ̑ba |
Accent
[edit]Words declined this way always have fixed accent, which is the same throughout, no matter if it is circumflex or acute, long or short. The only exception is vocative, where the accent is circumflex.
Circumflex | Acute | Short | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | pọ̑lis | pọ̑lis | pọ̑lis | spẹ́cies | spẹ́cies | spẹ́cies | pietȁ | pietȁ | pietȁ |
Genitive | pọ̑lis | pọ̑lis | pọ̑lis | spẹ́cies | spẹ́cies | spẹ́cies | pietȁ | pietȁ | pietȁ |
Dative | pọ̑lis | pọ̑lis | pọ̑lis | spẹ́cies | spẹ́cies | spẹ́cies | pietȁ | pietȁ | pietȁ |
Accusative | pọ̑lis | pọ̑lis | pọ̑lis | spẹ́cies | spẹ́cies | spẹ́cies | pietȁ | pietȁ | pietȁ |
Locative | pọ̑lis | pọ̑lis | pọ̑lis | spẹ́cies | spẹ́cies | spẹ́cies | pietȁ | pietȁ | pietȁ |
Instrumental | pọ̑lis | pọ̑lis | pọ̑lis | spẹ́cies | spẹ́cies | spẹ́cies | pietȁ | pietȁ | pietȁ |
Vocative | pọ̑lis | pọ̑lis | pọ̑lis | spẹ̑cies | spẹ̑cies | spẹ̑cies | pietȁ | pietȁ | pietȁ |
Fourth feminine declension (feminine i-/e-stem declension)
[edit]Fourth feminine declension follow nouns whose genitive singular ending is -e and genitive dual/plural is -ih. The nouns following this declension were derived from an adjective, and are therefore nominalized adjectives. The declension is the same as declension for definite feminine adjectives.
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | -a | -i | -e |
Genitive | -e | -ih | -ih |
Dative | -i | -ima | -im |
Accusative | -o | -i | -e |
Locative | -i | -ih | -ih |
Instrumental | -o | -ima | -imi |
Vocative | -a | -i | -e |
This declension does not seem to have any alterations.
Accent
[edit]These nouns decline the same way as definite masculine forms of adjectives following the first adjectival declension do. Therefore, only fixed and ending accentual types exist. For accent changes when nominalizing, see § Accent of nomnalized adjectives.
First neuter declension
[edit]The vast majority of neuter nouns follow the first neuter declension. This declension follow nouns whose genitive singular ending is -a. These can have in nominative singular ending -o (following hard o-stem declension), -e (following soft o-stem declension), or a null ending (following one of the other declension subtypes), but in these cases, the stem ends in -e or -o.
Neuter o-/e-stem declension
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png)
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The neuter o-stem declension closely resembles its masculine counterpart. The nominative and accusative always have the same form, however, with endings that differ from the masculine nouns. The genitive dual/plural has no ending like in the feminine a-stems. The neuter o-stems are divided between "hard" and "soft" stems, like the masculines.
Hard declension | Soft declension | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | -o | -i | -a | -e | -i | -a |
Genitive | -a | - | - | -a | - | - |
Dative | -u / -i (styl.) | -oma | -om | -u / -i (styl.) | -ema | -em |
Accusative | -o | -i | -a | -e | -i | -a |
Locative | -u / -i (styl.) | -ih | -ih | -u / -i (styl.) | -ih | -ih |
Instrumental | -om | -oma | -i | -em | -ema | -i |
Vocative | -o | -i | -a | -e | -i | -a |
styl. – the form is stylistically marked. |
Neuter n-, s- and t-stem declensions
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png)
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A small group of neuter nouns follow the neuter n-stem, neuter s-stem or neuter t-stem declensions. These use the same endings as the o-stems (except in nominative and accusative singular), but there is an additional consonant infix (-n-, -s-, -t-) that is present in all forms except the nominative/accusative singular. The n-stem and t-stem are soft in nominative/accusative singular, while in most s-stem nouns, the stem -e before the infix changes into -o. Since these nouns in nominative/accusative singular already end in -e/-o, there is a null ending.
n-stem | s-stem (o → e) | s-stem (e → e) | t-stem | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | imẹ̑ | imẹ̑ni | imẹ̑na | telọ̑ | telẹ̑si | telẹ̑sa | ojẹ̑ | ojẹ̑si | ojẹ̑sa | deklȅ | deklẹ́ti | deklẹ̑ta |
Genitive | imẹ̑na | imẹ̑n | imẹ̑n | telẹ̑sa | telẹ̑s | telẹ̑s | ojẹ̑sa | ojẹ̑s | ojẹ̑s | deklẹ́ta | deklẹ̑t | deklẹ̑t |
Dative | imẹ̑nu /
imẹ̑ni (styl.) |
imẹ̑noma | imẹ̑nom | telẹ̑su /
telẹ̑si (styl.) |
telẹ̑soma | telẹ̑som | ojẹ̑su /
ojẹ̑si (styl.) |
ojẹ̑soma | ojẹ̑som | deklẹ̄tu /
deklẹ̄ti (styl.) |
deklẹ̄toma | deklẹ̑tom |
Accusative | imẹ̑ | imẹ̑ni | imẹ̑na | telọ̑ | telẹ̑si | telẹ̑sa | ojẹ̑ | ojẹ̑si | ojẹ̑sa | deklȅ | deklẹ́ti | deklẹ̑ta |
Locative | imẹ̑nu /
imẹ̑ni (styl.) |
imẹ̑nih | imẹ̑nih | telẹ̑su /
telẹ̑si (styl.) |
telẹ̑sih | telẹ̑sih | ojẹ̑su /
ojẹ̑si (styl.) |
ojẹ̑sih | ojẹ̑sih | deklẹ̄tu /
deklẹ̄ti (styl.) |
deklẹ̑tih | deklẹ̑tih |
Instrumental | imẹ̑nom | imẹ̑noma | imẹ̑ni | telẹ̑som | telẹ̑soma | telẹ̑si | ojẹ̑som | ojẹ̑soma | ojẹ̑si | deklẹ́tom | deklẹ̄toma | deklẹ̑ti |
Vocative | imẹ̑ | imẹ̑ni | imẹ̑na | telọ̑ | telẹ̑si | telẹ̑sa | ojẹ̑ | ojẹ̑si | ojẹ̑sa | deklȅ | deklẹ́ti | deklẹ̑ta |
styl. – the form is stylistically marked |
Alternations and other exceptions of the first neuter declension
[edit]- In mixed accentual types, unstressed e and o can either become /e/ or /o/, /ɛ/ or /ɔ/, or both (srebrọ̑ dative singular srẹ̄bru/srēbru 'silver', mesọ̑ dative singular mẹ̄su/mēsu 'meat').
- In the 19th century the ending -i was often used in the dative/locative singular instead of -u. For example, nominative mọ̑rje 'sea', dative/locative mọ̑rji. Nowadays this ending is considered archaic or dialectal.
- Some nouns with a stressed /ɛ/ or /ɔ/ can also have dual and plural forms with /e/ or /o/, such as ókno 'window', nominative plural ókna/ȏkna/ọ́kna and rébro 'rib', nominative plural rébra/rȇbra/rẹ́bra/rẹ̑bra.
- Nouns ending in a non-sonorant consonant and a sonorant or a sonorant followed by -r, -lj, or -nj, have a fill vowel /ə/ or /i/, if the stem ends in -j, when there is a null ending (ókno genitive plural óken 'window', poslọ̑pje genitive plural poslọ̑pij 'building')
- A few neuter s-stem nouns show the effects of the Slavic first palatalisation in the forms with the infix -es-:
- The noun okọ̑ 'eye' has the stem očẹ̑s-. It also has a shorter plural stem oč- when referring to human eyes. This stem is feminine rather than neuter, and follows the mixed i-stem declension.
- The noun uhọ̑ 'ear' has the stem ušẹ́s-, with a change in accent type. The genitive plural allows both accents.
- The noun igọ̑ 'yoke' has the stem ižẹ̑s-.
- Nouns without a vowel in the stem add a fill vowel /ə/ in genitive dual/plural. Noun dnȍ 'bottom' has an ending -ov or, as tlȁ, has a fill vowel -a- (tlȁ tál/táł, dnȍ dnȍv/dán), but the -ovversion is preferred. Noun dnȍ is also irregular in locative where it is either dnȉh or dnẹ́h (dnȉh is preferred) and noun tlȁ is also irregular in locative and instrumental (nominative plural tlȁ locative plural tlẹ́h instrumental plural tlẹ́mi/tlí).
- Noun dŕva 'firewood' is also irregular, having two forms for locative and instrumental: nominative plural dŕva locative plural drvẹ́h/dr̄vih, instrumental plural drvmí/dŕvi. The irregular forms are preferred.
- Some nouns, such as črevọ̑ 'intestine' (stem črevẹ̑s-) lose the infix in the plural: črẹ́va.
Fixed accent nouns
[edit]Note that all these nouns have the same accent on dative and locative forms with ending in -i.
- Circumflex nouns are always circumflex, except in plural, where the ones that lose the infix are acute in nominative/accusative plural and follow acute accentuation in other cases:
o-stem | s/t/n-stem | Loses the infix | Irregular (plural archaic) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | sọ̑nce | sọ̑nci | sọ̑nca | kolọ̑ | kolẹ̑si | kolẹ̑sa | črevọ̑ | črevẹ̑si | črẹ́va | okọ̑ | očẹ̑si | ọ̑ka |
Genitive | sọ̑nca | sọ̑nc | sọ̑nc | kolẹ̑sa | kolẹ̑s | kolẹ̑s | črevẹ̑sa | črẹ̑v | črẹ̑v | očẹ̑s | ọ̑k | ọ̑k |
Dative | sọ̑ncu | sọ̑ncema | sọ̑ncem | kolẹ̑su | kolẹ̑soma | kolẹ̑som | črevẹ̑su | črevẹ̑soma | črẹ̑vom | očẹ̑su | očẹ̑soma | ọ̑kom |
Accusative | sọ̑nce | sọ̑nci | sọ̑nca | kolọ̑ | kolẹ̑si | kolẹ̑sa | črevọ̑ | črevẹ̑si | črẹ́va | okọ̑ | očẹ̑si | ọ̑ka |
Locative | sọ̑ncu | sọ̑ncih | sọ̑ncih | kolẹ̑su | kolẹ̑sih | kolẹ̑sih | črevẹ̑su | črẹ̑vih | črẹ̑vih | očẹ̑su | ọ̑kih | ọ̑kih |
Instrumental | sọ̑ncem | sọ̑ncema | sọ̑nci | kolẹ̑som | kolẹ̑soma | kolẹ̑si | črevẹ̑som | črevẹ̑soma | črẹ̑vi | očẹ̑som | očẹ̑soma | ọ̑ki |
Vocative | sọ̑nce | sọ̑nci | sọ̑nca | kolọ̑ | kolẹ̑si | kolẹ̑sa | črevọ̑ | črevẹ̑si | črẹ̑va | okọ̑ | očẹ̑si | ọ̑ka |
- Nouns that are circumflex in nominative singular and acute in genitive plural allow both accents in locative and dative singular after preposition and in dual. They are circumflex in plural and acute in other forms in singular. The exception is the word uhọ̑, which is acute in other forms, except in vocative, where it is circumflex and genitive dual/plural, where it can also be circumflex:
Short → long | Long → long | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | deklȅ | deklẹ̄ti | deklẹ̑ta | uhọ̑ | ušẹ́si | ušẹ́sa |
Genitive | deklẹ́ta | deklẹ̑t | deklẹ̑t | ušẹ́sa | ušẹ̄s | ušẹ̄s |
Dative | deklẹ́tu / deklẹ̄tu (+ prep.) | deklẹ̄toma | deklẹ̑tom | ušẹ́su | ušẹ́soma | ušẹ́som |
Accusative | deklȅ | deklẹ̄ti | deklẹ̑ta | uhọ̑ | ušẹ́si | ušẹ́sa |
Locative | deklẹ̄tu | deklẹ̑tih | deklẹ̑tih | ušẹ́su | ušẹ́sih | ušẹ́sih |
Instrumental | deklẹ́tom | deklẹ̄toma | deklẹ̑ti | ušẹ́som | ušẹ́soma | ušẹ́si |
Vocative | deklȅ | deklẹ̑ti | deklẹ̑ta | uhọ̑ | ušẹ̑si | ušẹ̑sa |
- Most acute nouns have circumflex accent in plural and allow both accents in dual, except in vocative, where it is always circumflex:
o-stem | s/t/n-stem | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | kopíto | kopīti | kopȋta | víme | vīmeni | vȋmena |
Genitive | kopíta | kopȋt | kopȋt | vímena | vȋmen | vȋmen |
Dative | kopítu | kopītoma | kopȋtom | vímenu | vīmenoma | vȋmenom |
Accusative | kopíto | kopīti | kopȋta | víme | vīmeni | vȋmena |
Locative | kopítu | kopȋtih | kopȋtih | vímenu | vȋmenih | vȋmenih |
Instrumental | kopítom | kopītoma | kopȋti | vímenom | vīmenoma | vȋmeni |
Vocative | kopȋto | kopȋti | kopȋta | vȋme | vȋmeni | vȋmena |
Acute nouns that are stressed on an open-mid vowel in nominative singular, diminiutives ending in -ce in nominative singular, plurale tantum, and noun jájce are, if composed of two syllables, acute in nominative/genitive plural or allow both if the stressed vowel is open-mid. If the noun is composed of more than three syllables, then they allow both accents no matter the stressed vowel. Those that are acute or open-mid vowel in nominative/accusative plural (except close-mid vowel in nouns that can also be declined with an open-mid vowel) are circumflex or acute in genitive and locative dual/plural, and instrumental plural, except if the stressed vowel is open-mid (in that case the accent is circumflex in genitive dual/plural) or if the stem ends in -č or -r followed or preceded by at least one other consonant; these are circumflex in genitive and locative dual/plural, and instrumental plural. Dative plural is in all nouns accented the same as nominative plural. The accent in dual is either that of the singular or that of the plural form:
Two syllables | More than two syllables | Open-mid vowel,
two syllables | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | jájce | jájci | jájca | nakoválce | nakovālci | nakovālca | ókno | ōkni | ōkna / ọ́kna |
Genitive | jájca | jājc | jājc | nakoválca | nakovȃlc | nakovȃlc | ókno | ȏken / ọ́ken | ȏken / ọ́ken |
Dative | jájcu | jájcema | jájcem | nakoválcu | nakovālcema | nakovālcem | óknu | ōknoma | ōknom / ọ́knom |
Accusative | jájce | jájci | jájca | nakoválce | nakovālci | nakovālca | ókno | ōkni | ōkna / ọ́kna |
Locative | jájcu | jājcih | jājcih | nakoválcu | nakovȃlcih | nakovȃlcih | óknu | ōknih / ọ́knih | ōknih / ọ́knih |
Instrumental | jájcem | jājcema | jājci | nakoválcem | nakovālcema | nakovȃlci | óknom | ōknoma | ōkni / ọ́kni |
Vocative | jȃjce | jȃjci | jȃjca | nakovȃlce | nakovȃlci | nakovȃlca | ȏkno | ȏkni | ȏkna / ọ̑kna |
Open-mid vowel,
more than two syllables |
Stem ending in -č or -r + cons. | ||||||||
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||
Nominative | rešéto | rešēti | rešēta / rešẹ̄ta | rébro | rébri | rēbra / rẹ́bra | |||
Genitive | rešéta | rešȇt / rešẹ̄t | rešȇt / rešẹ̄t | rébra | rȇber / rẹ̑ber | rȇber / rẹ̑ber | |||
Dative | rešétu | rešētoma | rešētom / rešẹ̄tom | rébru | rébroma | rēbrom / rẹ́brom | |||
Accusative | rešéto | rešēti | rešēta / rešẹ̄ta | rébro | rébri | rēbra / rẹ́bra | |||
Locative | rešétu | rešētih / rešẹ̄tih | rešētih / rešẹ̄tih | rébru | rȇbrih / rẹ̑brih | rȇbrih / rẹ̑brih | |||
Instrumental | rešétom | rešētoma | rešēti / rešẹ̄ti | rébrom | rébroma | rȇbri / rẹ̑bri | |||
Vocative | rešȇto | rešȇti | rešȇta / rešẹ̑ta | rȇbro | rȇbri | rȇbra / rẹ̑bra |
- Plurale tantum can additionally follow one of these two accent changes:
V́ | V́ V̄ | |
---|---|---|
Plural | Plural | |
Nominative | vráta | ústa |
Genitive | vrát | ūst |
Dative | vrátom | ústom |
Accusative | vráta | ústa |
Locative | vrátih | ústih |
Instrumental | vráti | ústi |
Vocative | vrȃta | ȗsta |
- Nouns stégno and lẹ́to change the accent irregularly. Stégno is circumflex in plural with close-mid vowel (alongside the regular open-mid vowel), even though it would be expected to be acute, and lẹ́to can only be acute in nominative and accusative plural:
stégno | lẹ́to | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | stégno | stēgni | stēgna / stẹ̑gna | lẹ́to | lẹ́ti | lẹ̑ta |
Genitive | stégna | stȇgen / stẹ̑gen | stȇgen / stẹ̑gen | lẹ́ta | lẹ̑t | lẹ̑t |
Dative | stégnu | stēgnoma | stēgnom / stẹ̑gnom | lẹ́tu | lẹ̄toma | lẹ̑tom |
Accusative | stégno | stēgni | stēgna / stẹ̑gna | lẹ́to | lẹ́ti | lẹ̑ta |
Locative | stégnu | stēgnih / stẹ̑gnih | stēgnih / stẹ̑gnih | lẹ́tu | lẹ̑tih | lẹ̑tih |
Instrumental | stégnom | stēgnoma | stēgni / stẹ̑gni | lẹ́tom | lẹ̄toma | lẹ̑ti |
Vocative | stȇgno | stȇgni | stȇgna / stẹ̑gna | lẹ̑to | lẹ̑ti | lẹ̑ta |
Mobile accent nouns
[edit]These nouns are always acute in nominative singular, but can either be circumflex or acute in genitive singular. The circumflex stay circumflex in all other cases while acute ones further decline as fixed accent nouns which have short circumflex accent in nominative singular and are acute in genitive singular:
Circumflex | Acute | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | bédro | bedrẹ̑si | bedrẹ̑sa | téle | telẹ̄ti | telẹ̑ta |
Genitive | bedrẹ̑sa | bedrẹ̑s | bedrẹ̑s | telẹ́ta | telẹ̑t | telẹ̑t |
Dative | bedrẹ̑su / bedrẹ̑si (styl.) | bedrẹ̑soma | bedrẹ̑som | telẹ́tu / telẹ̄tu (+ prep.) /
telẹ́ti (styl.) / telẹ̄ti (+ prep., styl.) |
telẹ̄toma | telẹ̑tom |
Accusative | bédro | bedrẹ̑si | bedrẹ̑sa | téle | telẹ̄ti | telẹ̑ta |
Locative | bedrẹ̑su / bedrẹ̑si (styl.) | bedrẹ̑sih | bedrẹ̑sih | telẹ̄tu / telẹ̄ti (styl.) | telẹ̑tih | telẹ̑tih |
Instrumental | bedrẹ̑som | bedrẹ̑soma | bedrẹ̑si | telẹ́tom | telẹ̄toma | telẹ̑ti |
Vocative | bȇdro | bedrẹ̑si | bedrẹ̑sa | tȇle | telẹ̑ti | telẹ̑ta |
styl. – the form is stylistically marked |
Ending accent nouns
[edit]These nouns always have short accent, except in dative and instrumental singular, where the accent is the same (but acute if long) as their fixed accent counterparts (if the stem has a fill vowel, then the noun can also be declined as a fixed accent noun), or is long circumflex (acute according to Slovenski pravopis) open-mid o or long circumflex (acute according to Slovenski pravopis) closed-mid e if the stem does not have a vowel. Long vowel is also the fill vowel a in genitive dual/plural and if nouns have special ending in plural and some dual cases. These are dative plural ending is -ẹ̑m instead of -om / -em, locative dual/plural ending -ẹ́h instead of -ih, instrumental plural -mí / -ẹ̄mi instead of -i, and dative and instrumental dual ending is -ẹ̑ma instead of -oma / -ema. Nouns, where the accent is not on the last syllable in genitive dual/plural, allow both accents in that case.
Regular | Special endings | Special endings | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | Plural | |
Nominative | zlȍ | zlȉ | zlȁ | tlȍ | tlȉ | tlȁ | drvȁ |
Genitive | zlȁ | zȅl | zȅl | tlȁ | tál | tál | dŕv |
Dative | zlȕ / zlȉ (styl.) | zlȏma /
zlóma |
zlȍm | tlȕ / tlȉ (styl.) | tlȏma /
tlóma |
tlȍm | drvȍm |
Accusative | zlȍ | zlȉ | zlȁ | tlȍ | tlȉ | tlȁ | drvȁ |
Locative | zlȕ / zlȉ (styl.) | zlȉh | zlȉh | tlȕ / tlȉ (styl.) | tlẹ́h | tlẹ́h | drvẹ́h |
Instrumental | zlȍm | zlȏma /
zlóma |
zlȉ | tlȍm | tlȏma /
tlóma |
tlẹ̄mi | drvmí |
Vocative | zlȍ | zlȉ | zlȁ | tlȍ | tlȉ | tlȁ | drvȁ |
styl. – the form is stylistically marked |
Mixed accent nouns
[edit]Mixed accent nouns are always circumflex, except open-mid e and o allow both accents. Slovenski pravopis dictates that also closed-mid e and o allow both accents, but the Dictionary of Slovene written language does not. The same rules also apply to dative and genitive forms ending in -i, not written below due to simplicity.
Regular | Open-mid vowel | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | |
Nominative | blagọ̑ | blȃgi | blȃga | prosọ̑ |
Genitive | blagȃ | blȃg | blȃg | prosȃ |
Dative | blȃgu | blȃgoma | blȃgom | prōsu /
prọ̑su (prọ́su) |
Accusative | blagọ̑ | blȃgi | blȃga | prosọ̑ |
Locative | blȃgu | blȃgih | blȃgih | prōsu /
prọ̑su (prọ́su) |
Instrumental | blȃgom | blȃgoma | blȃgi | prōsom /
prọ̑som (prọ́som) |
Vocative | blagọ̑ | blȃgi | blȃga | prosọ̑ |
Second neuter declension (neuter a-stem declension)
[edit]Second neuter declension follow nouns whose genitive singular ending is -e. In modern Slovene, only pronouns jȁz 'I', tȋ 'you', and se(be), which is a reflexive personal pronoun are considered to follow this declension. Therefore, for the accent, endings, and alternations, see those three pronouns in the pronouns section.
Third neuter declension (neuter declension without endings)
[edit]Third neuter declension follow nouns whose genitive singular (or in any other case) ending is a null ending (-). This declension follow all nominalized cardinal numerals (when expressed with a number or a word) and verbs that are used as a noun (dóbro jẹ́sti dóbrega jẹ́sti 'eat well', but only a handful of other words, such as domȃ in the phrase ljubo doma kdor ga ima 'home sweet home'. This declension does not seem to have any alterations.
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | - | - | - |
Genitive | - | - | - |
Dative | - | - | - |
Accusative | - | - | - |
Locative | - | - | - |
Instrumental | - | - | - |
Vocative | - | - | - |
Accent
[edit]These accents can only have fixed accent, which does not change, except the acute accent changes into circumflex in vocative.
Circumflex | Acute | Short | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | trȋ | trȋ | trȋ | éna | éna | éna | nȉč | nȉč | nȉč |
Genitive | trȋ | trȋ | trȋ | éna | éna | éna | nȉč | nȉč | nȉč |
Dative | trȋ | trȋ | trȋ | éna | éna | éna | nȉč | nȉč | nȉč |
Accusative | trȋ | trȋ | trȋ | éna | éna | éna | nȉč | nȉč | nȉč |
Locative | trȋ | trȋ | trȋ | éna | éna | éna | nȉč | nȉč | nȉč |
Instrumental | trȋ | trȋ | trȋ | éna | éna | éna | nȉč | nȉč | nȉč |
Vocative | trȋ | trȋ | trȋ | ȇna | ȇna | ȇna | nȉč | nȉč | nȉč |
Fourth neuter declension (neuter i-/e-stem declension)
[edit]Fourth neuter declension follow nouns whose genitive singular ending is -ega. The nouns following this declension were derived from an adjective, and are therefore nominalized adjectives. The declension is the same as declension for neuter adjectives. Most of these nouns are geographical names and only have a singular form. This declension also differentiates between hard and soft stems, but only in nominative and accusative singular.
Hard | Soft | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | -o | -i | -a | -e | -i | -a |
Genitive | -ega | -ih | -ih | -ega | -ih | -ih |
Dative | -emu | -ima | -im | -emu | -ima | -im |
Accusative | -o | -i | -a | -e | -i | -a |
Locative | -em | -ih | -ih | -em | -ih | -ih |
Instrumental | -im | -ima | -imi | -im | -ima | -imi |
Vocative | -o | -i | -a | -e | -i | -a |
This declension does not seem to have any alterations.
Accent
[edit]These nouns decline the same way as definite feminine forms of adjectives following the first adjectival declension do. Therefore, only fixed and ending accentual types exist. For accent changes when nominalizing, see § Accent of nomnalized adjectives.
Nouns that switch gender
[edit]- Some masculine nouns of Latin origin can be apart from being declined regularly in plural declined following the first neuter declension, such as frikatȋv 'fricative', nominative plural frikativa, genitive plural frikativ. The normal declension is usually preferred.
- Some neuter geographical names einding in -sko or -ško (Dolẹ̑njsko, Norvẹ̑ško) follow neuter declension in some cases and feminine in other. Neuter declension is mostly present only in locative after preposition na. These nouns however, are commonly split into two versions, one following the feminine declension and one following neuter declension:
Feminine gender | Neuter gender | |
---|---|---|
Singular | Singular | |
Nominative | Dolẹ́njska | Dolẹ̑njsko |
Genitive | Dolẹ́njske | Dolẹ̑njskega |
Dative | Dolẹ́njski | Dolẹ̑njskemu |
Accusative | Dolẹ́njsko /
Dolẹ̑njsko (used as an adverb) |
Dolẹ̑njsko |
Locative | Dolẹ́njski | Dolẹ̑njskem |
Instrumental | Dolẹ̑njsko | Dolẹ̑njskim |
Vocative | Dolẹ̑njska | Dolẹ̑njsko |
- Some mixed-accented neuter nouns can become masculine (along with the usual declension) in dual and plural, having an -ov- infix and following first masculine declension.
- Nouns following second masculine declension can be feminine or masculine in dual and plural, but in either case they decline the same, as described above.
- Noun okọ̑ when meaning 'eye' has plural očȋ, which further declines as a regular feminine i-stem noun with mixed accent.
- Noun pọ̄t has a stylistically marked plural and dual forms following neuter o-stem declension: pọ̑ti and pọ̑ta.
- Noun deklȅ is in vast majority of examples neuter, but can also dialectally or archaically be feminine, but still following the same declension.
Nouns composed of two or more words
[edit]When a noun composed of two or more words, sometimes all words are declined as they would be if alone, but there are additional rules.
Proper & common nouns
[edit]If all parts of a proper nouns grammatically match then all of them are declined, such as Ivan Cankar Ivana Cankarja 'Ivan Cankar' and Mokro Polje Mokrega Polja 'Mokro Polje'. The exception are surnames of females, which in most cases follow third declensions and have the same ending in all cases (Majda Vrhovnik Majde Vrhovnik 'Majda Vrhovnik'), but surnames following female declensions (usually ending in -a) can be also declined following the original declension (Ana Kopriva Ane Kopriva/Ane Koprive 'Ana Kopriva'). If both females and males with the same surname are mentioned, the surname is declined following original declension if the last name listed is male and follow the exception if the last name listed is female, but both first names are declined as they would normally: Pino in Pia Mlakar → Pina in Pie Mlakar (last listed first name is female) and Pia in Pino Mlakar → Pie in Pina Mlakarja (last listed first name is male). In combination of two names, such as Šmarje - Sap 'Šmarje–Sap' and Gozd - Martuljek 'Gozd Martuljek', both nouns are declined (Šmarje - Sapa, Gozda - Martuljka).
If a part of the composed noun does not grammatically match, it usually follows third declensions, such as Hotel Turist (hotel named "Turist") Hotela Turista, except in some rare cases, such as Založba Lipa (publishing house named "Lipa") Založbe Lipe. If the first part of a compound loanword is considered an adjective or is considered not to be able to stan by itself, then this part also follows third declensions, such as Downing Street Downing Streeta 'Down Street', Kon Tiki Kon Tikija 'Kon Tiki', Monte Carlo Monte Carla 'Monte Carlo', U Tant U Tanta 'U Thant', Mao Cetung Mao Cetunga 'Mao Zedong', but some can be declined following the usual declension or the third, such as Rio de Janeiro Ria de Janeira/Rio de Janeira 'Rio de Janeiro'. Some of these names can also be shortened to only the first word, which in that case follows the usual declension Rio Ria 'Rio de Janeiro' and Mao Maa 'Mao'. Compound loanword nouns with unusual endings for their gender or number follow third declensions: Pickwick Papers Pickwick Papers 'Pickwhick Papers', École des Hautes Études École des Hautes Études 'École des Hautes Études'. Part of nouns, called predimki in Slovene (lit. forenames), part between the name and surname, which was originally usually an article, also follow third declensions: fra Bartolo fra Bartola, Dos Passos Dos Passosa. Some other common words that fall into this category are also van, von, de, Don, O', Las, Los, La, and M'.
When a common noun has a proper noun as a modifier, the proper noun in some cases follows the usual declension and sometimes the third: mesto Ljubljana mesta Ljubljane (the city of Ljubljana), reka Soča reke Soče (the Soča river), as opposed to kraj Mostec kraja Mostec (the town of Mostec), gostilna Gorjanc gostilne Gorjanc (a restaurant named "Gorjanc"). Some can be declined both ways, such as podjetje Iskra podjetja Iskra/podjetja Iskre (Iskra company).
Vernacular & Vernacularized nouns
[edit]In those cases, all words are declined as usual, such as črno zlato črnega zlata 'coal' and človek žaba človeka žabe, nominative plural ljudje žabe 'frogman', except when they are part of the same word written apart where the first part follows third declensions, such as vikend hiša 'holiday cottage' vikend hiše and žiro račun 'deposit account' žiro računa. In these cases, writing words together is favored (vikendhiša, žiroračun)
Non-vernacularized nouns
[edit]Nouns that are not fully integrated in Slovene (are not fully vernacularized) are split into two categories: quoted (citatne) and semi-quoted (polcitatne), depending on how much they are integrated.
All parts of masculine semi-quoted nouns are usually declined following the usual inflection pattern, which is either first, second, or fourth masculine declension, but some that have an unusual ending follow the third masculine declension: [[Sympathetic nervous system|nervus sympathicus]] nervusa sympathicusa, but [[curriculum vitae|curriculum vitae]] curriculuma vitae. Feminine semi-quoted nouns ending in -a in nominative singular are declined following the first feminine declension and others follow the third: [[alma mater|alma mater]] alme mater and [[Smilax aspera|Smilax aspera]] Smilax aspere.
Quoted nouns are declined as originally in the language they were borrowed from: [[alma mater|alma mater]] almae matris, [[curriculum vitae|curriculum vitae]] curriculi vitae, [[first lady|first lady]] first lady, nominative plural first ladies. This declension is always stylistically marked.
Masculinization and feminization of neuter nouns
[edit]Neuter nouns are either masculinized or feminized across a large part of the Slovene-speaking territory. Masculinization occurs in Upper Carniolan, Lower Sava Valley, Central Savinja, Horjul, Škofja Loka, Poljane, Selca, Črni Vrh, Ebriach, North Pohorje-Remšnik, and Mežica dialects, Kranjska Gora subdialect, and in parts of Rosen Valley, Juan Valley, Lower Carniolan, Central Styrian, and South Pohorje dialects. It is most commonly present in singular, and less in dual and plural. Masculinization varies from nouns binding with masculine forms of adjectives to completely change the declension, such as in Lower Sava Valley dialect. In that case nouns following the first neuter declension change to following first masculine, those following second neuter to following second masculine declension those following the third neuter to third masculine and those following fourth neuter to fourth masculine. Masculinized nouns following first declension have in genitive dual/plural a null ending, which is also present in some other masculine nouns. Mixed and mobile accentual type generally turns into fixed. Those following fourth declension have a null ending in nominative singular. The t-, s-, and n-stem nouns usually have the long stem in all cases.
Feminization of neuter nouns occurs in eastern Carinthian, northern Styrian, and many Panonian dialects. Feminization is the most common in plural, but is also very common in singular in dual. Similarly to masculinization, nouns following the first neuter declension change to following the first feminine, those following the second neuter to second feminine, those following the third neuter to third feminine and those following fourth neuter to fourth feminine. Mobile and mixed accentual type generally turn into fixed. The t-, s-, and n-stem nouns usually have the short stems in all cases, which is furthermore shortened, without the last o/e. The accent also changes accordingly to one syllable before, if the final o/e was accented.
Adjectives, adjectival pronouns, numerals
[edit]Adjective declension is simpler than noun declension, as there are only two different inflection patterns. The first declension is the same as fourth noun declension for each case, while the second adjective declension is the same as third noun declensions (have a null ending in all cases). Adjectives can have all four accentual types. Adjectives can be compared in two ways, having three degrees of comparison in the first comparison (positive, comparative, superlative) and the second having two (positive and elative) and can be declined either by affixes or by adding other an adverb before it.
Declension of adjectival pronouns and irregular numerals is detailed in the pronouns and irregular numerals section.
Definite and indefinite adjectives
[edit]Adjectives in Slovene distinguish between indefinite and definite meanings. They correspond in meaning to the distinction between the English indefinite article a, referring to an unknown thing, and the definite article the, referring to a known thing. The definite form is also used in fixed noun phrases, where the combination of adjective and noun are to be understood as a single concept. Apart from that, they are also used under the following conditions:
- After possessive adjectives: posameznikov denarni prispevek 'individual's financial contribution'.
- After demonstrative pronouns, and the pronouns və̏s (except when meaning 'completely') (after tȃ, all forms become circumflex, except open-mid e and o allow both accents, and nȍv and mlȃd are irregular and are acute): njegov / ta denarni prispevek 'his / this financial contribution'.
- When the adjective denotes a special type of the noun: poprȃvni izpȋt 'retake exam', mȃterni jézik 'mother tongue'.
- When nominalized: Dežurni je tu. 'The doctor on-call (lit. on duty) is here.'; some proper nouns are exceptions.
The corresponding interrogative word for indefinite adjectives is kākšen and for definite adjectives katẹ̄ri for definite adjectives. Thus, definite forms behave like relational adjectives, which already mostly have an -i ending.
Definite adjectives have an ending -i in nominative and vocative singular. All other forms are usually the same for regular adjectives, acting as both indefinite and definite adjective, but adjectives that do not have fixed accent and some irregular adjectives change the stem or the accent, so all forms are differentiated.
For some adjectives, however, there are more differences between the indefinite and definite declensions:
- If the indefinite declension has acute accent, but circumflex accent in the feminine singular, the definite declension has acute accent throughout: prídni, síti, bogáti, blázni, feminine nominative singular prídna, síta, bogáta, blázna.
- If the indefinite declension is mixed, mobile or end-accented, the definite declension has fixed accent: bẹ́li, góli, tèmni. The only exception is when the stem does not have a vowel. Then it has ending accent.
- Some acute-stem adjectives (e.g. stȁr) switch to circumflex accentuation in the definite declension: stȃri.
- The adjective vélik (with stem velík-) can additionally have circumflex accent on the stem and a close-mid vowel in the definite declension: vẹ̑liki.
- The adjective mȃjhen changes the stem to mȃli.
In addition, not all adjectives have definite and indefinite form. Adjectives ending in -ov/-ev (bratov, borovničev) or -in (sestrin), adjectival pronouns, and adjectives and numerals ending in -i (slovenski, kmečki, neki, kateri) are (except some pronouns) definite by meaning, but only those ending in -i decline as definite adjectives, others decline as indefinite forms.
First adjective declension (adjective declension with endings)
[edit]Most of the adjectives follow the first declension, which changes the endings when declined. These adjectives, when nominalized, follow fourth declensions. The endings can be split into three groups of cases:
- The nominative and accusative, which are like the o-stems of masculine and neuter nouns, and the a-stems of feminine nouns. Like in nouns, a distinction is made between hard and soft stems, but this is only relevant for the neuter nominative/accusative singular, which has -o for hard stems and -e for soft stems.
- The other feminine singular cases, which also follow the a-stems of nouns.
- The remaining cases, which have endings unique to adjectives. These are the same for all three genders in the dual and plural.
The accusative singular is different if the adjective stays directly before the noun or not. In the latter case, masculine form allows only genitive ending, feminine only accusative and neuter allows both endings.
The masculine accusative singular before the adjective is like either the nominative or the genitive, as in masculine nouns. Which form is used depends on which form the accompanying noun uses, which in turn depends on whether the noun is animate or inanimate.
Hard | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||
Nominative | indef. | - | -a | -o | -a | -i | -i | -e | -a | |
def. | -i | |||||||||
Genitive | -ega | -e | -ega | -ih | -ih | |||||
Dative | -emu | -i | -emu | -ima | -im | |||||
Accusative | + noun | nom or gen | -o | -o | -a | -i | -e | -e | -a | |
− noun | -ega | -o / -ega | ||||||||
Locative | -em | -i | -em | -ih | -ih | |||||
Instrumental | -im | -o | -im | -ima | -imi | |||||
Vocative | indef. | - | -a | -o | -a | -i | -i | -e | -a | |
def. | -i | |||||||||
Soft | ||||||||||
Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||
Nominative | indef. | - | -a | -e | -a | -i | -i | -e | -a | |
def. | -i | |||||||||
Genitive | -ega | -e | -ega | -ih | -ih | |||||
Dative | -emu | -i | -emu | -ima | -im | |||||
Accusative | + noun | nom or gen | -o | -e | -a | -i | -e | -e | -a | |
− noun | -ega | -e / -ega | ||||||||
Locative | -em | -i | -em | -ih | -ih | |||||
Instrumental | -im | -o | -im | -ima | -imi | |||||
Vocative | indef. | - | -a | -e | -a | -i | -i | -e | -a | |
def. | -i |
Alternations and other exceptions of the first adjective declension
[edit]- Adjectives with mixed accent also have a form with an ending -e in nominative and accusative dual in feminine and neuter gender in addition to the usual -i: bẹ́l 'white', nominative dual: belẹ̑/belȋ/bẹ́li.
- A fill vowel in nominate singular when there is a null ending in some adjectives.
Fixed accent adjectives
[edit]Adjectives do not nearly change the accent as much when declined as nouns, however there are six different ways that can happen:
- If the adjective is long circumflex (or short if ə is accented) in nominative singular masculine and feminine form, then it is circumflex in all other forms.
Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||
Nominative | indef. | vesẹ̑ł | vesẹ̑la | vesẹ̑lo | vesẹ̑la | vesẹ̑li | vesẹ̑li | vesẹ̑le | vesẹ̑la | |
def. | vesẹ̑li | |||||||||
Genitive | vesẹ̑lega | vesẹ̑le | vesẹ̑lega | vesẹ̑lih | vesẹ̑lih | |||||
Dative | vesẹ̑lemu | vesẹ̑li | vesẹ̑lemu | vesẹ̑lima | vesẹ̑lim | |||||
Accusative | + noun | nom or gen | vesẹ̑lo | vesẹ̑lo | vesẹ̑la | vesẹ̑li | vesẹ̑le | vesẹ̑le | vesẹ̑la | |
− noun | vesẹ̑lega | vesẹ̑lo /
vesẹ̑lega | ||||||||
Locative | vesẹ̑lem | vesẹ̑li | vesẹ̑lem | vesẹ̑lih | vesẹ̑lih | |||||
Instrumental | vesẹ̑lim | vesẹ̑lo | vesẹ̑lim | vesẹ̑lima | vesẹ̑limi | |||||
Vocative | indef. | vesẹ̑ł | vesẹ̑la | vesẹ̑lo | vesẹ̑la | vesẹ̑li | vesẹ̑li | vesẹ̑le | vesẹ̑la | |
def. | vesẹ̑li |
- If the adjective is long acute (or short if ə is accented) in nominative singular masculine and feminine form, then it is acute in all other forms, except in vocative, where it is circumflex.
Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||
Nominative | indef. | lísast | lísasta | lísasto | lísasta | lísasti | lísasti | lísaste | lísasta | |
def. | lísasti | |||||||||
Genitive | lísastega | lísaste | lísastega | lísastih | lísastih | |||||
Dative | lísastemu | lísasti | lísastemu | lísastima | lísastim | |||||
Accusative | + noun | nom or gen | lísasto | lísasto | lísasta | lísasti | lísaste | lísaste | lísasta | |
− noun | lísastega | lísasto /
lísastega | ||||||||
Locative | lísastem | lísasti | lísastem | lísastih | lísastih | |||||
Instrumental | lísastim | lísasto | lísastim | lísastima | lísastimi | |||||
Vocative | indef. | lȋsast | lȋsasta | lȋsasto | lȋsasta | lȋsasti | lȋsasti | lȋsaste | lȋsasta | |
def. | lȋsasti |
- If the adjective is long circumflex (or short if ə is accented) in nominative singular masculine form, but acute in feminine form, then it is acute in all other forms, except in vocative case, where it is circumflex.
Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||
Nominative | indef. | ljubeznȋv | ljubezníva | ljubeznívo | ljubezníva | ljubeznívi | ljubeznívi | ljubezníve | ljubezníva | |
def. | ljubeznívi | |||||||||
Genitive | ljubeznívega | ljubezníve | ljubeznívega | ljubeznívih | ljubeznívih | |||||
Dative | ljubeznívemu | ljubeznívi | ljubeznívemu | ljubeznívima | ljubeznívim | |||||
Accusative | + noun | nom or gen | ljubeznívo | ljubeznívo | ljubezníva | ljubeznívi | ljubezníve | ljubezníve | ljubezníva | |
− noun | ljubeznívega | ljubeznívo /
ljubeznívega | ||||||||
Locative | ljubeznívem | ljubeznívi | ljubeznívem | ljubeznívih | ljubeznívih | |||||
Instrumental | ljubeznívim | ljubeznívo | ljubeznívim | ljubeznívima | ljubeznívimi | |||||
Vocative | indef. | ljubeznȋv | ljubeznȋva | ljubeznȋvo | ljubeznȋva | ljubeznȋvi | ljubeznȋvi | ljubeznȋve | ljubeznȋva | |
def. | ljubeznȋvi |
- If the adjective is long acute (or short if ə is accented) in nominative singular masculine form, but circumflex in feminine form, then it is acute in all masculine and neuter forms, but allows both accents in other feminine singular forms. The same applies if nominative singular feminine form allows both accents.
Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||
Nominative | indef. | prídən | prȋdna | prídno | prídna | prídni | prídni | prídne | prídna | |
def. | prídni | |||||||||
Genitive | prídnega | prīdne | prídnega | prídnih | prídnih | |||||
Dative | prídnemu | prīdni | prídnemu | prídnima | prídnim | |||||
Accusative | + noun | nom or gen | prīdno | prídno | prídna | prídni | prídne | prídne | prídna | |
− noun | prídnega | prídno /
prídnega | ||||||||
Locative | prídnem | prīdni | prídnem | prídnih | prídnih | |||||
Instrumental | prídnim | prīdno | prídnim | prídnima | prídnimi | |||||
Vocative | indef. | prȋdən | prȋdna | prȋdno | prȋdna | prȋdni | prȋdni | prȋdne | prȋdna | |
def. | prȋdni |
- If the adjective is short circumflex and ə is not stressed in nominative singular masculine form, and long circumflex in feminine form, then it is acute in all other masculine and neuter forms, but allows both accents in other feminine singular forms. The same applies if nominative singular feminine form allows both accents. The exception is surȍv, which is only circumflex in all forms.
Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||
Nominative | indef. | sȉt | sȋta | síto | síta | síti | síti | síte | síta | |
def. | síti | |||||||||
Genitive | sítega | sīte | sítega | sítih | sítih | |||||
Dative | sítemu | sīti | sítemu | sítima | sítim | |||||
Accusative | + noun | nom or gen | sīto | síto | síta | síti | síte | síte | síta | |
− noun | sítega | síto /
sítega | ||||||||
Locative | sítem | sīti | sítem | sítih | sítih | |||||
Instrumental | sítim | sīto | sítim | sítima | sítimi | |||||
Vocative | indef. | sȉt | sȋta | sȋto | sȋta | sȋti | sȋti | sȋte | sȋta | |
def. | sȋti |
Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||
Nominative | indef. | surȍv | surȏva | surȏvo | surȏva | surȏvi | surȏvi | surȏve | surȏva | |
def. | surȏvi | |||||||||
Genitive | surȏvega | surȏve | surȏvega | surȏvih | surȏvih | |||||
Dative | surȏvemu | surȏvi | surȏvemu | surȏvima | surȏvim | |||||
Accusative | + noun | nom or gen | surȏvo | surȏvo | surȏva | surȏvi | surȏve | surȏve | surȏva | |
− noun | surȏvega | surȏvo /
surȏvega | ||||||||
Locative | surȏvem | surȏvi | surȏvem | surȏvih | surȏvih | |||||
Instrumental | surȏvim | surȏvo | surȏvim | surȏvima | surȏvimi | |||||
Vocative | indef. | surȍv | surȏva | surȏvo | surȏva | surȏvi | surȏvi | surȏve | surȏva | |
def. | surȏvi |
- If the adjective is short circumflex and ə is not stressed in nominative singular masculine form, but long acute in feminine form, then it is acute in all other forms.
Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||
Nominative | indef. | zelȅn | zeléna | zeléno | zeléna | zeléni | zeléni | zeléne | zeléna | |
def. | zeléni | |||||||||
Genitive | zelénega | zeléne | zelénega | zelénih | zelénih | |||||
Dative | zelénemu | zeléni | zelénemu | zelénima | zelénim | |||||
Accusative | + noun | nom or gen | zeléno | zeléno | zeléna | zeléni | zeléne | zeléne | zeléna | |
− noun | zelénega | zeléno /
zelénega | ||||||||
Locative | zelénem | zeléni | zelénem | zelénih | zelénih | |||||
Instrumental | zelénim | zeléno | zelénim | zelénima | zelénimi | |||||
Vocative | indef. | zelȅn | zelȇna | zelȇno | zelȇna | zelȇni | zelȇni | zelȇne | zelȇna | |
def. | zelȇni |
Mobile accent adjectives
[edit]Adjectives with mobile accent are acute in nominative singular masculine form and can be either circumflex or acute in feminine form. Circumflex ones change the accent in other forms the same way as fixed-accented adjectives that are acute in masculine and circumflex in feminine, and acute ones are always acute. The only exception is definite form of vélik, vẹ̑liki and acts as a fixed accent adjective.
Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||
Nominative | indef. | bógat | bogȃta | bogáto | bogáta | bogáti | bogáti | bogáte | bogáta | |
def. | bogáti | |||||||||
Genitive | bogátega | bogāte | bogátega | bogátih | bogátih | |||||
Dative | bogátemu | bogāti | bogátemu | bogátima | bogátim | |||||
Accusative | + noun | nom or gen | bogāto | bogáto | bogáta | bogáti | bogáte | bogáte | bogáta | |
− noun | bogátega | bogáto /
bogátega | ||||||||
Locative | bogátem | bogāti | bogátem | bogátih | bogátih | |||||
Instrumental | bogátim | bogāto | bogátim | bogátima | bogátimi | |||||
Vocative | indef. | bȏgat | bogȃta | bogȃto | bogȃta | bogȃti | bogȃti | bogȃte | bogȃta | |
def. | bogȃti |
Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||
Nominative | indef. | débeł | debẹ́la | debẹ́lo | debẹ́la | debẹ́li | debẹ́li | debẹ́le | debẹ́la | |
def. | debẹ́li | |||||||||
Genitive | debẹ́lega | debẹ́le | debẹ́lega | debẹ́lih | debẹ́lih | |||||
Dative | debẹ́lemu | debẹ́li | debẹ́lemu | debẹ́lima | debẹ́lim | |||||
Accusative | + noun | nom or gen | debẹ́lo | debẹ́lo | debẹ́la | debẹ́li | debẹ́le | debẹ́le | debẹ́la | |
− noun | debẹ́lega | debẹ́lo /
debẹ́lega | ||||||||
Locative | debẹ́lem | debẹ́li | debẹ́lem | debẹ́lih | debẹ́lih | |||||
Instrumental | debẹ́lim | debẹ́lo | debẹ́lim | debẹ́lima | debẹ́limi | |||||
Vocative | indef. | dȇbeł | debẹ̑la | debẹ̑lo | debẹ̑la | debẹ̑li | debẹ̑li | debẹ̑le | debẹ̑la | |
def. | debẹ̑li |
Indefinite | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||
Nominative | vélik | velīka | velíko | velíka | velíki | velíki | velíke | velíka | ||
Genitive | velíkega | velīke | velíkega | velíkih | velíkih | |||||
Dative | velíkemu | velīki | velíkemu | velíkima | velíkim | |||||
Accusative | + noun | nom or gen | velīko | velíko | velíka | velíki | velíke | velíke | velíka | |
− noun | velíkega | velíko /
velíkega | ||||||||
Locative | velíkem | velīki | velíkem | velíkih | velíkih | |||||
Instrumental | velíkim | velīko | velíkim | velíkima | velíkimi | |||||
Vocative | vȇlik | velȋka | velȋko | velȋka | velȋki | velȋki | velȋke | velȋka | ||
Definite | ||||||||||
Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||
Nominative | vẹ̑liki | vẹ̑lika | vẹ̑liko | vẹ̑lika | vẹ̑liki | vẹ̑liki | vẹ̑like | vẹ̑lika | ||
Genitive | vẹ̑likega | vẹ̑like | vẹ̑likega | vẹ̑likih | vẹ̑likih | |||||
Dative | vẹ̑likemu | vẹ̑liki | vẹ̑likemu | vẹ̑likima | vẹ̑likim | |||||
Accusative | + noun | nom or gen | vẹ̑liko | vẹ̑liko | vẹ̑lika | vẹ̑liki | vẹ̑like | vẹ̑like | vẹ̑lika | |
− noun | vẹ̑likega | vẹ̑liko /
vẹ̑likega | ||||||||
Locative | vẹ̑likem | vẹ̑liki | vẹ̑likem | vẹ̑likih | vẹ̑likih | |||||
Instrumental | vẹ̑likim | vẹ̑liko | vẹ̑likim | vẹ̑likima | vẹ̑likimi | |||||
Vocative | vẹ̑lik | vẹ̑lika | vẹ̑liko | vẹ̑lika | vẹ̑liki | vẹ̑liki | vẹ̑like | vẹ̑lika |
Ending accent adjectives
[edit]Ending accents are usually stylistically marked and are circumflex when the ending is stressed, but the stem is acute (except fill vowels). The definite form is accented on the stem and o, e are close-mid, except if it does not have a vowel. Definite forms have fixed accent. If the stem does not have a vowel, then the first syllable is accentuated and acute if long. Some speakers can also accentuate indefinite forms the same as definite.
Indefinite | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||
Nominative | brhə̏k | brhkȁ | brhkȍ | brhkȁ | brhkȉ | brhkȉ | brhkȅ | brhkȁ | ||
Genitive | brhkegȁ | brhkȅ | brhkegȁ | brhkȉh | brhkȉh | |||||
Dative | brhkemȕ | brhkȉ | brhkemȕ | brhkimȁ | brhkȉm | |||||
Accusative | + noun | nom or gen | brhkȍ | brhkȍ | brhkȁ | brhkȉ | brhkȅ | brhkȅ | brhkȁ | |
− noun | brhkegȁ | brhkȍ /
brhkegȁ | ||||||||
Locative | brhkȅm | brhkȉ | brhkȅm | brhkȉh | brhkȉh | |||||
Instrumental | brhkȉm | brhkȍ | brhkȉm | brhkimȁ | brhkimȉ | |||||
Vocative | brhə̏k | brhkȁ | brhkȍ | brhkȁ | brhkȉ | brhkȉ | brhkȅ | brhkȁ | ||
Definite | ||||||||||
Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||
Nominative | bŕhki | bŕhka | bŕhko | bŕhka | bŕhki | bŕhki | bŕhke | bŕhka | ||
Genitive | bŕhkega | bŕhke | bŕhkega | bŕhkih | bŕhkih | |||||
Dative | bŕhkemu | bŕhki | bŕhkemu | bŕhkima | bŕhkim | |||||
Accusative | + noun | nom or gen | bŕhko | bŕhko | bŕhka | bŕhki | bŕhke | bŕhke | bŕhka | |
− noun | bŕhkega | bŕhko /
bŕhkega | ||||||||
Locative | bŕhkem | bŕhki | bŕhkem | bŕhkih | bŕhkih | |||||
Instrumental | bŕhkim | bŕhko | bŕhkim | bŕhkima | bŕhkimi | |||||
Vocative | bȓhki | bȓhka | bȓhko | bȓhka | bȓhki | bȓhki | bȓhke | bȓhka |
Indefinite | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||
Nominative | zə̏ł | zlȁ | zlȍ | zlȁ | zlȉ | zlȉ | zlȅ | zlȁ | ||
Genitive | zlegȁ | zlȅ | zlegȁ | zlȉh | zlȉh | |||||
Dative | zlemȕ | zlȉ | zlemȕ | zlimȁ | zlȉm | |||||
Accusative | + noun | nom or gen | zlȍ | zlȍ | zlȁ | zlȉ | zlȅ | zlȅ | zlȁ | |
− noun | zlegȁ | zlȍ /
zlegȁ | ||||||||
Locative | zlȅm | zlȉ | zlȅm | zlȉh | zlȉh | |||||
Instrumental | zlȉm | zlȍ | zlȉm | zlimȁ | zlimȉ | |||||
Vocative | zə̏ł | zlȁ | zlȍ | zlȁ | zlȉ | zlȉ | zlȅ | zlȁ | ||
Definite | ||||||||||
Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||
Nominative | zlȉ | zlȁ | zlȍ | zlȁ | zlȉ | zlȉ | zlȅ | zlȁ | ||
Genitive | zléga | zlȅ | zléga | zlȉh | zlȉh | |||||
Dative | zlému | zlȉ | zlému | zlíma | zlȉm | |||||
Accusative | + noun | nom or gen | zlȍ | zlȍ | zlȁ | zlȉ | zlȅ | zlȅ | zlȁ | |
− noun | zléga | zlȍ /
zléga | ||||||||
Locative | zlȅm | zlȉ | zlȅm | zlȉh | zlȉh | |||||
Instrumental | zlȉm | zlȍ | zlȉm | zlíma | zlími | |||||
Vocative | zlȉ | zlȁ | zlȍ | zlȁ | zlȉ | zlȉ | zlȅ | zlȁ |
Mixed accent adjectives
[edit]There are two different ways mixed accent adjectives are declined, with short or long stress on endings, most of them following the first way.
The first way can have, along with the fixed accentuation, the ending accented only in nominative and vocative singular neuter form, accusative singular feminine and neuter form, and nominative and vocative dual and plural in all forms. However, some of these accents are stylistically marked:
- If both fixed and ending accents are used about the same in nominative/vocative singular neuter form, then fixed accent is favored in other forms.
- If fixed accent is favored, but ending is not stylistically marked in nominative/vocative singular neuter form, then ending accent is stylistically marked in other forms.
- If ending accent is stylistically marked in nominative/vocative singular neuter form, then it can only have accent on the stem in other forms, forms with accent on the ending are obsolete.
Moreover, in nominative and accusative dual in feminine and neuter form these adjectives can also have a stylistically marked ending -ẹ̑ in addition to the usual -i. They follow one of the fixed accent tone changes if the accent is on the stem. If the feminine nominative singular form is acute, then other accents are acute. If it is circumflex, then it is circumflex in all forms. The endings are always circumflex. Defnite forms have fixed accent that is the same as "other" forms. The exceptions are mlȃd when meaning 'offspring' or 'young people/animals', sȃm, dȏlg, and stȁr when it is nominalized or in collocations. These forms are always circumflex.
Indefinite | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||
Nominative | bŕhək | bŕhka | bŕhko /
brhkọ̑ |
bŕhka /
brhkȃ |
bŕhki / brhkȋ /
brhkẹ̑ (styl.) |
bŕhki /
brhkȋ |
bŕhke /
brhkẹ̑ |
bŕhka /
brhkȃ | ||
Genitive | bŕhkega | bŕhke | bŕhkega | bŕhkih | bŕhkih | |||||
Dative | bŕhkemu | bŕhki | bŕhkemu | bŕhkima | bŕhkim | |||||
Accusative | + noun | nom or gen | bŕhko /
brhkọ̑ |
bŕhko /
brhkọ̑ |
bŕhka /
brhkȃ |
bŕhki / brhkȋ /
brhkẹ̑ (styl.) |
bŕhke /
brhkẹ̑ |
bŕhke /
brhkẹ̑ |
bŕhka /
brhkȃ | |
− noun | bŕhkega | bŕhko /
brhkọ̑ / bŕhkega | ||||||||
Locative | bŕhkem | bŕhki | bŕhkem | bŕhkih | bŕhkih | |||||
Instrumental | bŕhkim | bŕhko | bŕhkim | bŕhkima | bŕhkimi | |||||
Vocative | bȓhək | bȓhka | bȓhko /
brhkọ̑ |
bȓhka /
brhkȃ |
bȓhki / brhkȋ /
brhkẹ̑ (styl.) |
bȓhki /
brhkȋ |
bȓhke /
brhkȇ |
bȓhka /
brhkȃ | ||
Definite | ||||||||||
Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||
Nominative | bŕhki | bŕhka | bŕhko | bŕhka | bŕhki | bŕhki | bŕhke | bŕhka | ||
Genitive | bŕhkega | bŕhke | bŕhkega | bŕhkih | bŕhkih | |||||
Dative | bŕhkemu | bŕhki | bŕhkemu | bŕhkima | bŕhkim | |||||
Accusative | + noun | nom or gen | bŕhko | bŕhko | bŕhka | bŕhki | bŕhke | bŕhke | bŕhka | |
− noun | bŕhkega | bŕhko /
bŕhkega | ||||||||
Locative | bŕhkem | bŕhki | bŕhkem | bŕhkih | bŕhkih | |||||
Instrumental | bŕhkim | bŕhko | bŕhkim | bŕhkima | bŕhkimi | |||||
Vocative | bȓhki | bȓhka | bȓhko | bȓhka | bȓhki | bȓhki | bȓhke | bȓhka | ||
styl. – stylistically marked |
The second way with short accents is that the accent is on the stem only in nominative singular, and on the ending in all other forms. All adjectives following this pattern can also have fixed accent, and can only have fixed accent in definite forms. The ending is always short circumflex and definite form is acute.
Indefinite | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||
Nominative | tə̏šč | teščȁ | teščȅ | teščȁ | teščȉ | teščȉ | teščȅ | teščȁ | ||
Genitive | teščegȁ | teščȅ | teščegȁ | teščȉh | teščȉh | |||||
Dative | teščemȕ | teščȉ | teščemȕ | teščimȁ | teščȉm | |||||
Accusative | + noun | nom or gen | teščȍ | teščȅ | teščȁ | teščȉ | teščȅ | teščȅ | teščȁ | |
− noun | teščegȁ | teščȅ /
teščegȁ | ||||||||
Locative | teščȅm | teščȉ | teščȅm | teščȉh | teščȉh | |||||
Instrumental | teščȉm | teščȍ | teščȉm | teščȁ | teščimȉ | |||||
Vocative | tə̏šč | teščȁ | teščȅ | teščȁ | teščȉ | teščȉ | teščȅ | teščȁ | ||
Definite | ||||||||||
Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||
Nominative | tèšči | tèšča | tèšče | tèšča | tèšči | tèšči | tèšče | tèšča | ||
Genitive | tèščega | tèšče | tèščega | tèščih | tèščih | |||||
Dative | tèščemu | tèšči | tèščemu | tèščima | tèščim | |||||
Accusative | + noun | nom or gen | tèščo | tèšče | tèšča | tèšči | tèšče | tèšče | tèšča | |
− noun | tèščega | tèšče /
tèščega | ||||||||
Locative | tèščem | tèšči | tèščem | tèščih | tèščih | |||||
Instrumental | tèščim | tèščo | tèščim | tèščima | tèščimi | |||||
Vocative | tȅšči | tȅšča | tȅšče | tȅšča | tȅšči | tȅšči | tȅšče | tȅšča |
Mobile & mixed accent adjectives
[edit]These adjectives decline as mobile accent adjectives, but also have the ending-accentuated forms of the adjectivves following the first way of mixed accentual type.
Indefinite | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||
Nominative | bolȃn | bólna | bólno /
bolnọ̑ |
bólna /
bolnȃ (styl.) |
bólni / bolnȋ (styl.) /
bolnẹ̑ (styl.) |
bólni /
bolnȋ (styl.) |
bólne /
bolnẹ̑ (styl.) |
bólna /
bolnȃ (styl.) | ||
Genitive | bólnega | bólne | bólnega | bólnih | bólnih | |||||
Dative | bólnemu | bólni | bólnemu | bólnima | bólnim | |||||
Accusative | + noun | nom or gen | bólno /
bolnọ̑ (styl.) |
bólno /
bolnọ̑ |
bólna /
bolnȃ |
bólni / bolnȋ (styl.) /
bolnẹ̑ (styl.) |
bólne /
bolnẹ̑ (styl.) |
bólne /
bolnẹ̑ (styl.) |
bólna /
bolnȃ (styl.) | |
− noun | bólnega | bólno /
bolnọ̑ / bólnega | ||||||||
Locative | bólnem | bólni | bólnem | bólnih | bólnih | |||||
Instrumental | bólnim | bólno | bólnim | bólnima | bólnimi | |||||
Vocative | bolȃn | bȏlna | bȏlno /
bolnọ̑ |
bȏlna /
bolnȃ (styl.) |
bȏlni / bolnȋ (styl.) /
bolnẹ̑ (styl.) |
bȏlni /
bolnȋ (styl.) |
bȏlne /
bolnȇ (styl.) |
bȏlna /
bolnȃ (styl.) | ||
Definite | ||||||||||
Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||
Nominative | bólni | bólna | bólno | bólna | bólni | bólni | bólne | bólna | ||
Genitive | bólnega | bólne | bólnega | bólnih | bólnih | |||||
Dative | bólnemu | bólni | bólnemu | bólnima | bólnim | |||||
Accusative | + noun | nom or gen | bólno | bólno | bólna | bólni | bólne | bólne | bólna | |
− noun | bólnega | bólno /
bólnega | ||||||||
Locative | bólnem | bólni | bólnem | bólnih | bólnih | |||||
Instrumental | bólnim | bólno | bólnim | bólnima | bólnimi | |||||
Vocative | bólni | bólna | bólno | bólna | bólni | bólni | bólne | bólna | ||
styl. – stylistically marked |
Second adjective declension (adjective declension without endings)
[edit]Some adjectives, especially the ones derived recently from loanwords (bẹ̑ž 'beige', instȃnt 'instant', rọ̑za 'pink' – derived from Italian rosa or German rosa) decline without changing the endings. When nominalized, they usually decline following third declensions. These adjectives also don't differentiate between definite and indefinite forms and the ending does not change when not followed by noun.
Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
Nominative | - | - | - | ||||||
Genitive | - | - | - | ||||||
Dative | - | - | - | ||||||
Accusative | - | - | - | ||||||
Locative | - | - | - | ||||||
Instrumental | - | - | - | ||||||
Vocative | - | - | - |
Accent
[edit]The accent is always fixed and does not change, except in vocative, where acute changes into circumflex.
Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
Nominative | pocẹ́ni | pocẹ́ni | pocẹ́ni | ||||||
Genitive | pocẹ́ni | pocẹ́ni | pocẹ́ni | ||||||
Dative | pocẹ́ni | pocẹ́ni | pocẹ́ni | ||||||
Accusative | pocẹ́ni | pocẹ́ni | pocẹ́ni | ||||||
Locative | pocẹ́ni | pocẹ́ni | pocẹ́ni | ||||||
Instrumental | pocẹ́ni | pocẹ́ni | pocẹ́ni | ||||||
Vocative | pocẹ̑ni | pocẹ̑ni | pocẹ̑ni |
Words that can follow both declensions
[edit]Cardinal numerals from five onward can be declined both ways. Smaller numbers (up to 100) are usually declined using first declension (pẹ̑t pétih/pẹ̑t 'five'), and bigger (1000 and onwards) using second declension (milijọ̑n milijọ̑n/milijọ̑nih 'million'). Declining big numbers using first declension is really uncommon. Noun nȉč 'zero' can also be declined both ways. If the numeral is composed of more words, only the last one follows first declension (stọ̑ pẹ̑t, stọ̑ pétih 'one hundred five'). When all numerals are written with a number, they always follow second declension.
Indefinite numerals ending in -o and collective numerals ending in -o or -e can also decline both ways: kọ̄liko, kọ̄likih/kọ̄liko; petẹ̑ro, petẹ̑rih/petẹ̑ro.
Formation of adverbs
[edit]Adverbs formed from adjectives have an ending in -o for hard stems and -e for soft stems. If not otherwise noted, adverbs keep the same tone as the adjective in nominative singular neuter form (the second form in the given examples below). Adverbs formed from fixed and mobile accent adjectives keep accent on the stem, those derived from ending accent nouns or from those following the second form of mixed accents (with short accents on ending) have the accent on the ending, which is long circumflex for hard stems and short circumflex for soft stems. Adverbs formed from mobile and mixed or only mixed nouns following the first pattern (with long accents on endings) can have the accent either on the stem or the ending. If the ending accent was stylistically marked in neuter nominative singular form, it is not marked, just less common.
Adjectives ending in -ski, -ški, or -čki also have a stylistically marked form ending in -i.
- lísast → lísasto → lísasto
- zelȅn → zeléno → zeléno
- brhȅk → brhkȍ → brhkȏ
- tə̏šč → teščȅ → teščȅ
- bolȃn → bólno / bolnọ̑ → bólno / bolnọ̑
- prȍst → prósto / prostọ̑ (stylistically marked) → prósto / prostọ̑
- kmẹ̑čki → kmẹ̑čko → kmẹ̑čko / kmẹ̑čki (stylistically marked)
Comparison
[edit]For all adjectives, comparative, superlative and elative are formed periphrastically, using the adverbs bȍlj 'more', nȁjbolj/nȃjbolj 'most', and prevȅč 'too (much)' or many other adverbs similar in meaning, respectively. For some adjectives, especially more basic or old ones, the comparative and superlative can also be formed with affixes. These can still be compared periphrastically, but the form with affixes is usually favored.
There are three affixes used to form the comparative: -ši, -ji and -ejši. Which one is used depends in a large part on the shape of the adjective's stem, although these are not hard rules and there are some exceptions. The superlative is formed from the comparative by prefixing nȁj- / nȃj- to it. Elative is formed from positive prefixng prȅ- to it. Elative can be formed periphrastically by all adjectives. If adjective can be compared periphrastically, this form is favored.
Adjectives ending in -ȁt (bradȁt), -ast (kọ́drast), -ȁv/-ȃv/-av (klepetȁv), -ən (láčen), participles and colors are usually compared periphrastically, but there are exceptions as some can also be compared with affixes, which are not favored. (bẹ́l → bȍlj bẹ́l/belȇjši).
Compared adjectives declines as either always acute or always circumflex fixed accent adjectives. Some adjectives lack positive and elative form; these are then sorted in dictionaries by the comparative.
The suffix -ši is used with one-syllable adjectives ending in b, d or p, preceded by a vowel or /ər/. After a vowel, d becomes j, and after r it disappears altogether. The suffix is also used with adjectives ending in -ok or -ek, which is dropped in the comparative, and along with the previous changes, t also changes to j and other consonants are iotated.
- lẹ̑p (stem lẹ́p-) → lẹ̑pši
- slȁb (stem sláb-) → slȃbši
- mlȃd (stem mlád-) → mlȃjši
- hȗd (stem húd-) → hȗjši
- gȓd (stem gŕd-) → gȓši
- širȍk → šȋrši
- krátek → krȃjši
- tánek → tȃnjši
The suffix -ji is used with one-syllable adjectives ending in g, h or k. In the comparative, these change to their palatalised variants ž, š and č respectively. The suffix is also used with adjectives ending in -ok or -ek preceded by one of these consonants. Again, the suffix is dropped and the final consonant is iotated. The stem is always circumflex, the only exception is the last example.
- drȃg (stem drág-) → drȃžji
- tȋh (stem tíh-) → tíšji
- blȃg (stem blág- or blȃg-) → blȃžji
- strọ̑g (stem strọ́g- or strọ̑g-) → strọ̑žji
- téžek → tẹ̑žji
- globȍk → glọ̑blji
- stȁr → stárji (stylistically marked)
The suffix -ejši is used in all other cases, including one-syllable adjectives ending in more than one consonant or adjectives with more than one syllable. Some adjectives keep the accent on the stem, and is then the same as the stem accent in nominative singular neuter form, or the suffix may be circumflex accented -ȇjši with an open-mid vowel. The latter case is more typical for ending and mixed accent adjectives while the first form is more typical for fixed and mobile accent adjectives.
- nȍv (stem nóv-) → novȇjši
- krȗt (stem krút- or krȗt-) → krútejši / krȗtejši
- fȋn → finȇjši
- gọ̑st (stem gọ́st-) → gostȇjši
- pȏln (stem póln-) → pólnejši
- grének → grenkȇjši
- neváren → nevárnejši
Comparison of adverbs
[edit]Adverbs compare the same way as adjectives do, but the š in the ending can be omitted, except in -ši (not preceded by j), and final i in the ending turns into e. Those declined with suffix -je, which have č, š, or ž before the ending can also have ending -e. Only the ending -ȇj(š)e allows accent on the ending, in other forms only fixed accent remains. The accent also changes the same way as with adjectives, the three exceptions are the last two examples, where comparative allows both accents.
- lẹ́po / lepọ̑→ lẹ̑pše
- krátko / kratkọ̑ → krȃjše / krȃje
- drágo / dragọ̑ → drȃžje
- nízko → nȋžje / nȋže
- ljubeznívo → ljubeznívejše / ljubezníveje
- temnọ̑ → temnȇjše / temnȇje
- kọ́drast → bȍlj kọ́drast
- láhko / lahkọ̑ → lāžje / lāže / lāglje (stylistically marked)
- kásno / kasnọ̑ → kasnȇje / kāšnje (stylistically marked)
Accent of nominalized adjectives
[edit]Nominalized adjectives and adverbs that form a collocation with a preposition (such as od mlȃdega) 'since chiildhood'(lit. since young) are always circumflex if disyllabic and have accent on the first syllable in definite masculine nominative singular form. When nominalized nouns are a proper noun, then they are also circumflex. Otherwise, they keep accent the same.
Pronouns
[edit]Pronouns declined and therefore detailed here can be either nominal or adjectival and follow one of the respective declensions, although many of them are heavily irregular; these are detailed here.
Nominal Pronouns
[edit]Nominal pronouns, apart from personal pronouns are of two types; first are used to refer to people and are masculine gender, and other are used for everything else and are neuter gender. Exception are nominal pronouns which are the same gender as the noun they represent.
Personal pronouns
[edit]Personal pronouns have in some cases up to four forms. The accusative, genitive and dative forms have stressed and unstressed forms; the stressed forms are used when particular emphasis is needed. The accusative also has a form used when preceded by a monosyllabic preposition, skọ̑zi 'through' (which is changed to skọ̑z-), or v 'in' (which is changed into vȃ-) that is combined with the preposition, such as na 'on' + me 'me', which are combined into nȃme 'on me' and v 'in, into' + ti 'you', which are combined into vȃte 'into you'. Stressed combining form also exist, however they are considered archaic and do not actually combine with the preposition (for example, na mẹ́ 'on me'). Instead of combining forms, usual stressed forms can also be used.
Different forms are in the table below written as unstressed / streesed / combining / stressed combining. Note that not all pronouns have all expected forms in each case and number.
The first and second person singular pronouns are very irregular, and follow their own declension (second neuter declension). The nominative forms of the dual and plural have different forms for the genders, depending on who is speaking or who is being spoken to. In the case of the dual, the nominative developed from literally "we two" and "you two", although the other cases were inherited from Common Slavic. The combining forms exist only in singular.
The reflexive pronouns are used to refer back to the subject or to some other word, and have only a single set of forms for all three numbers, which inflect like the first- and second-person singular pronouns. There is no nominative form.
1st person | 2nd person | Reflexive | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | |||||||||||
m | f | n | m | f | n | m | f | n | |||
Nominative | jȁz | tȋ | — | ||||||||
Genitive | méne / me | tébe / te | sébe / se | ||||||||
Dative | méni / mi | tébi / ti | sébi / si | ||||||||
Accusative | méne / me / -me / mẹ̑ | tébe / te / -te / tẹ̑ | sébe / se / -se / sẹ̑ | ||||||||
Locative | méni | tébi | sébi | ||||||||
Instrumental | menọ́j, mȃno | tebọ́j, tȃbo | sebọ́j, sȃbo | ||||||||
Vocative | jȁz | tȋ | — | ||||||||
Possessive | mọ́j | mọ́ja | mọ́je | tvọ́j | tvọ́ja | tvọ́je | svọ́j | svọ́ja | svọ́je | ||
Dual | |||||||||||
Nominative | mȋdva | mȇdve / mȋdve | vȋdva | vȇdve / vȋdve | — | ||||||
Genitive | nȃju / naju | vȃju / vaju | sébe / se | ||||||||
Dative | nȃma / nama | vȃma / vama | sébi / si | ||||||||
Accusative | nȃju / naju | vȃju / vaju | sébe / se / -se | ||||||||
Locative | nȃju | vȃju | sébi | ||||||||
Instrumental | nȃma | vȃma | sebọ́j, sȃbo | ||||||||
Vocative | mȋdva | mȇdve / mȋdve | vȋdva | vȇdve / vȋdve | — | ||||||
Possessive | nȃjin | nȃjina | nȃjino | vȃjin | vȃjina | vȃjino | svọ́j | svọ́ja | svọ́je | ||
Plural | |||||||||||
Nominative | mȋ | mẹ̑ | vȋ | vẹ̑ | — | ||||||
Genitive | nȁs / nas | vȁs / vas | sébe / se | ||||||||
Dative | nȁm / nam | vȁm / vam | sébi / si | ||||||||
Accusative | nȁs / nas | vȁs / vas | sébe / se / -se | ||||||||
Locative | nȁs | vȁs | sébi | ||||||||
Instrumental | nȃmi | vȃmi | sebọ́j, sȃbo | ||||||||
Vocative | mȋ | mẹ̑ | vȋ | vẹ̑ | — | ||||||
Possessive | nȁš | nȁša | nȁše | vȁš | vȁša | vȁše | svọ́j | svọ́ja | svọ́je |
The third-person pronouns inflect similar to the fourth declensions, but irregularly. Like in the first- and second-person pronouns, the accusative is the same as the genitive, and the ending -ih in the dual forms is replaced with -iju. The nominative is formed from a different stem than the other cases. The combining forms in masculine and neuter singular have two different versions, the latter being used when combining with a preposition that does not end with a vowel, which are skozi "through" (skozenj), pred "in from of, before" (predenj), and čez "over, in a certain amount of time" (čezenj).
Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
Nominative | ȍn | óna | óno (arch. onọ̑) | ónadva / onȃdva | ónidve / onẹ̑dve | óni / onȋ | óne / onẹ̑ | óna / onȃ | |
Genitive | njéga / ga | njẹ́ / je | njéga / ga | njȋju, njȉh (arch. njȗ) / ju, jih | njȉh / jih | ||||
Dative | njému / mu | njēj, njȅj, njȉ / ji | njému / mu | njȋma / jima | njȉm / jim | ||||
Accusative | njéga / ga / -nj, -enj [ən’] | njọ̄ / jo /njo | njéga / ga / -nj, -enj [ən’] | njȋju, njȉh, (arch. njú) / ju / -nju | njȉh, njé / jih / -nje / njẹ́, njȉh | ||||
Locative | njém (coll. njému) | njēj, njȅj, njȉ | njém (coll. njému) | njȋju | njȉh | ||||
Instrumental | njím | njọ́ | njím | njȋma | njȋmi | ||||
Vocative | ȍn | ȏna / onȃ | ȏno (arch. onọ̑) | ȏnadva / onȃdva | ȏnidve / onẹ̑dve | ȏni / onȋ | ȏne / onẹ̑ | ȏna / onȃ | |
Possessive | njegóv, njegȍv | njẹ́n | njegóv, njegȍv | njún | njīhov |
Use of pronouns as a subject, stressed & undstressed forms
[edit]The subject in Slovene is often omitted when it consists only of personal pronouns, so use of them as a subject is not so common. As a subject, personal pronouns are used only in the following cases, which are the same as when a stressed form is used instead of the unstressed one:
- To emphasize the subject: Ti mene ne boš učil! 'You won't teach me!'
- If the subject has a grammatical modifier: Tudi jaz ne vem, kaj bi. 'I also don't know what to do."; Jaz, kralj XY, naročam … 'I, the King of XY, am commanding …'
- When implying a difference: Tam je bil on, ne ti. 'He was there, not you.'
- In some coordinate relations: Janez in jaz greva na grad. 'Janez and I are going to see the castle.', but Bil je tam. 'He was there.' and Ne vem, kaj bi. 'I don't know what to do' allow the omission.
- After prepositions (except when combining form is used), stressed versions are used: k tebi '(run, walk, come etc.) to you', za mano 'behind me', zoper nje 'against her', brez vas 'without you (plural)'.
Interrogative nominal pronouns
[edit]The interrogative pronouns kdọ̄ 'who' and kāj 'what' have only singular forms, and have irregular stem changes. kaj also replaces the normal -g- in the genitive with -s-.
Nominative | kdọ̄ | kāj |
---|---|---|
Genitive | kọ̄ga | čẹ̄sa |
Dative | kọ̄mu | čẹ̄mu |
Accusative | kọ̄ga | kāj |
Locative | kọ̄m | čẹ̄m |
Instrumental | kọ̄m | čīm |
Vocative | kdọ̑ | kȃj |
Relative nominal pronouns
[edit]The relative pronouns kdọ̑r/kdȍr 'who, that' and kȁr 'which, that' inflect like kdo and kaj, but add -r to the end of each form, adding a fill vowel if necessary. The ending -j is also dropped.
Nominative | kdọ̑r / kdȍr | kȁr | kdọ̑rkọ̑li / kdȍrkọ̑li | kȁrkọ̑li |
---|---|---|---|---|
Genitive | kọ̑gar | čẹ̑sar | kọ̑garkọ̑li | čẹ̑sarkọ̑li |
Dative | kọ̑mur | čẹ̑mur | kọ̑murkọ̑li | čẹ̑murkọ̑li |
Accusative | kọ̑gar | kȁr | kọ̑garkọ̑li | kȁrkọ̑li |
Locative | kọ̑mer | čẹ̑mer | kọ̑merkọ̑li | čẹ̑merkọ̑li |
Instrumental | kọ̑mer | čȋmer | kọ̑merkọ̑li | čȋmerkọ̑li |
Vocative | kdọ̑r / kdȍr | kȁr | kdọ̑rkọ̑li / kdȍrkọ̑li | kȁrkọ̑li |
Relative indefinite pronouns
[edit]Relative indefinite pronouns kdọ̑rkọ̑li/kdȍrkọ̑li 'whoever' and kȁrkọ̑li 'whatever' are declined as kdor and kar, but with a suffix at the end, which can also be a separate word (kdor koli, kar koli).
Nominative | kdọ̑rkọ̑li / kdȍrkọ̑li | kȁrkọ̑li |
---|---|---|
Genitive | kọ̑garkọ̑li | čẹ̑sarkọ̑li |
Dative | kọ̑murkọ̑li | čẹ̑murkọ̑li |
Accusative | kọ̑garkọ̑li | kȁrkọ̑li |
Locative | kọ̑merkọ̑li | čẹ̑merkọ̑li |
Instrumental | kọ̑merkọ̑li | čȋmerkọ̑li |
Vocative | kdọ̑rkọ̑li / kdȍrkọ̑li | kȁrkọ̑li |
Indefinite nominal pronouns
[edit]The pronouns nekdọ̄/nẹ̑kdo 'somebody' and nẹ̄kaj 'something' follow the declensions of kdo and kaj. Pronoun nekdo can also have a prefix pre-, which is declined the same: prenekdọ̄/prenẹ̑kdo 'quite a few people' prenekọ̄ga.
Nominative | nekdọ̄ / nẹ̑kdo | nẹ̄kaj |
---|---|---|
Genitive | nekọ̄ga | nečẹ̄sa |
Dative | nekọ̄mu | nečẹ̄mu |
Accusative | nekọ̄ga | nẹ̄kaj |
Locative | nekọ̄m | nečẹ̄m |
Instrumental | nekọ̄m | nečīm |
Vocative | nekdọ̑ | nẹ̑kaj |
Negative nominal pronouns
[edit]The pronouns nihčȅ/nȋhče 'nobody' and nȉč 'nothing' follow the declensions of kdor and kar, but the nominative and accusative are different. The pronoun nȋkdo is an archaic version of nihčȅ. The other forms are the same as nihče.
Nominative | nihčȅ / nȋhče | nȉč | nȋkdo |
---|---|---|---|
Genitive | nikọ̑gar | ničẹ̑sar | nikọ̑gar |
Dative | nikọ̑mur | ničẹ̑mur | nikọ̑mur |
Accusative | nikọ̑gar | nȉč | nikọ̑gar |
Locative | nikọ̑mer | ničẹ̑mer | nikọ̑mer |
Instrumental | nikọ̑mer | ničȋmer | nikọ̑mer |
Universal nominal pronouns
[edit]Integral pronoun vsȃkdo 'everyone' follows the declension of kdo, but vse 'everything' is irregular.
Nominative | vsȃkdo | vsȅ |
---|---|---|
Genitive | vsȃkogar | vsȅga / vsegȁ |
Dative | vsȃkomur | vsȅmu / vsemȕ |
Accusative | vsȃkogar | vsȅ |
Locative | vsȃkomer | vsȅm |
Instrumental | vsȃkomer | vsȅm |
Vocative | vsȃkdo | vsȅ |
Manifold nominal pronouns
[edit]Manifold pronouns are formed by adding a prefix to the interrogative pronouns and are thus declined the same way. The prefix can be mȁrsi- 'quite a few', mnọ̑go- 'many' málo- 'few' or rẹ́dko- 'scarcely'; the last one can combine only with kaj. Prefixes malo and redko can also be written as a separate word (malo kaj, redko kdo).
Unspecified nominal pronouns
[edit]These are kdọ́ 'someone arbitrary' and kȁj 'something arbitrary', which are written and declined the same as interrogative pronouns, but interrogative kaj has a different accent. An example sentence is Vzemi si kaj za jesti. 'Grab something to eat.'. The difference between these pronouns and indefinite pronouns is that one is not obliged to do anything. In the example sentence, the subject is not obliged to grab anything, but in the sentence Vzemi si nekaj za jesti, which would be translated the same, the subject is obliged to grab something.
Nominative | kdọ̄ | kȁj |
---|---|---|
Genitive | kọ̄ga | čẹ̄sa |
Dative | kọ̄mu | čẹ̄mu |
Accusative | kọ̄ga | kȁj |
Locative | kọ̄m | čẹ̄m |
Instrumental | kọ̄m | čīm |
Vocative | kdọ̑ | kȁj |
Adjectival pronouns
[edit]Most of the adjectival pronouns are regular and follow first adjective declension. Pronouns that follow second declension are čȋgar, čigȃvər, kọ̑likor, ki, nȉč, and precȇj. Pronoun nobȅn has, the same as ȅn, a different definite nominal singular form when nominalized – nobȅden.
Relative unspecified adjectival pronouns and demonstrative pronouns ending in -le
[edit]These pronouns are built from another pronoun by adding an undeclinable suffix -koli, -sibodi, -le, or -lele (kȃkršenkọ̑li, kȃkršensibọ́di, tákle, tȃlele). In these cases, the pronoun it consists of is declined as usual and the suffix is added at the end. Thus endings turn into infixes. (genitive singular masculine kȃkršnegakọ̑li, kȃkršnegasibọ́di, tákegale, tẹ̑galele). Pronouns ending in -sibodi can also be written in three words and those ending in -koli in two: kakršen si bodi, kakršen koli.
ta, ves, and oba
[edit]The demonstrative tȃ "this" inflects like an adjective, but -i- in the endings is replaced with -e-. Many of the forms have shortened alternatives, including cases of non-final short accents.
Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
Nominative | tȃ | tȃ | tọ̑ | tȃ | tȋ | tȋ | tȇ | tȃ | |
Genitive | tẹ̑ga / tegȁ | tẹ̑ | tẹ̑ga / tegȁ | tẹ̑h / tȅh | tẹ̑h / tȅh | ||||
Dative | tẹ̑mu / temȕ | tȇj / tȅj / tȉ | tẹ̑mu / temȕ | tẹ̑ma / tȅma | tẹ̑m / tȅm | ||||
Accusative | nom or gen | tọ̑ | tọ̑ | tȃ | tȋ | tẹ̑ | tẹ̑ | tȃ | |
Locative | tẹ̑m / tȅm | tȇj / tȅj / tȉ | tẹ̑m / tȅm | tẹ̑h / tȅh | tẹ̑h / tȅh | ||||
Instrumental | tẹ̑m / tȅm | tọ̑ | tẹ̑m / tȅm | tẹ̑ma / tȅma | tẹ̑mi | ||||
Vocative | tȃ | tȃ | tọ̑ | tȃ | tȋ | tȋ | tȇ | tȃ |
The word vȅs "all" and inflects much like tȃ, but it inflects as if it were a soft stem, having -e in the neuter nominative/accusative singular. All the accents are short, even those in a non-final syllable, where [ə] is pronounced.
Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
Nominative | vȅs | vsȁ | vsȅ | vsȁ | vsȉ | vsȉ | vsȅ | vsȁ | |
Genitive | vsȅga / vsegȁ | vsȅ | vsȅga / vsegȁ | vsȅh | vsȅh | ||||
Dative | vsȅmu / vsemȕ | vsȅj / vsȉ | vsȅmu / vsemȕ | vsȅma | vsȅm | ||||
Accusative | nom or gen | vsȍ | vsȅ | vsȁ | vsȉ | vsȅ | vsȅ | vsȁ | |
Locative | vsȅm | vsȅj / vsȉ | vsȅm | vsȅh | vsȅh | ||||
Instrumental | vsȅm | vsȍ | vsȅm | vsȅma | vsȅmi | ||||
Vocative | vȅs | vsȁ | vsȅ | vsȁ | vsȉ | vsȉ | vsȅ | vsȁ |
Numerals
[edit]Numeral ȅn 'one' and its derivatives have a definite form édən in nominative singular when nominalized, but others are the same. Numerals dvȃ 'two' and obȃ have -i- in endings replaced with -e- and numerals tríje 'three' and štírje 'four' have a different ending in nominative and accusative. Numeral tríje also changes the -i- in the ending to -e- in other cases. Other cardinal numerals have a null ending in all genders in nominative, vocative, and accusative (example pẹ̑t 'five'). Numeral stọ̑ (stem stót-) 'hundred' has a different form in nominative, vocative, and accusative, and open-mid vowel in numerals pẹ̑t (stem pét-) 'five', šẹ̑st (stem šést) 'six', sẹ̑dəm (stem sédm-) 'seven', ọ̑sem (stem ósm-) 'eight', devẹ̑t (stem devét-) 'nine', and desẹ̑t (stem desét-) 'ten' is changed to close-mid vowel in nominative. They also change the accent irregularly in nominative and accusative:
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Note that this changes occur only when numerals follow first adjective declension. When following second declension, numerals have a nominative form throughout. For more information regarding which declension they follow, see section words that can follow both declensions.
Dialectal and obsolete declension changes
[edit]There are many dialectal changes, with the most common being:
- Neuter o-stem alternatively have ending -u in nominative singular.
- Feminine v-stem nouns can decline as a-stems.
- Endings -iga, -imu, -im instead of -ega, -emu, -em.
- Locative singular became the same as dative singular.
- Archaic ending -e in o-stem locative singular is still present in archaic northern Littoral dialects.
- Simplification of irregular nouns into regular.
- Change of non-final vowels in endings to a (e. g. gospodama)
Many different endings can also appear in general colloquial speech:
- Many masculine nouns can either follow n-stem or t-stem declension, especially those following a-stem declension and those ending in -el(j).
- Ending -i instead of -je in nominative plural for masculine o-stems.
- Loss of dual, especially when ending in vowel + m + vowel.
There are also some obsolete styles of declension lost in modern Slovene:
- No distinction between soft and hard stems. (the current differences occurred in 19th century)
- Noun gospod still followed i-stem declension up to 19th century.
- Dative and locative were the same for nominal declensions in 15th century.
- Feminine a-stem had ending either -o or -oj in instrumental singular.
- Comparative and superlative used to be indeclinable.
- Superlative used to be formed with nȁr-.
- Special endings for vocative case.
Declension with tone changes
[edit]In the southeastern part of Brda dialect, the modern vowel reduction was so developed that a new way of declining nouns was developed. Brda dialect lost the original tonal oppositions, but they developed them back in a new way, so more cases can be distinguished:
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominatve | -̑ | -̑a | -́ |
Genitive | -̑a | -̑u | |
Dative | -́ | -̑em ~ -̑əm | |
Accusative | nom or gen | -̑a | -́ |
Locative | -́ | -̑ix | |
Instrumental | -̑əm | -̑əm ~ -áːm | |
Vocative | -̑ | -̑a | -́ |
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominatve | -̑o | -́ | |
Genitive | -̑a | -̑ | |
Dative | -́ | -̑em ~ -̑əm | |
Accusative | -̑o | -́ | |
Locative | -́ | -̑ix | |
Instrumental | -̑əm | -̑əm ~ -áːm | |
Vocative | -̑o | -́ |
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominatve | -̑a | -́ | |
Genitive | -́ | -̑ | |
Dative | -́ | -̑em | |
Accusative | -́ | -́ | |
Locative | -́ | -̑ix | |
Instrumental | -́ | -áːm | |
Vocative | -̑a | -́ |
A similar thing also happens with i-stem nouns when the ending is -i.
References
[edit]General
[edit]- Toporišič, Jože (2000). Slovenska slovnica / Jože Toporišič. - 4. prenovljena in razširjena izd (in Slovenian). Maribor: Obzorja. ISBN 961-230-171-9.
- Toporišič, Jože (2001). "Slovaropisna pravila". Slovenski pravopis (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: ZRC SAZU. pp. 216–222. ISBN 961-6358-37-5.
- "Sheme za tonemski naglas". Slovar slovenskega knjižnega jezika (PDF) (in Slovenian). Ljubljana. 2016. pp. 53–59.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Herrity, Peter (2000). Slovene: A Comprehensive Grammar. London, New York: Routledge.
- Greenberg, Marc (2006). "A Short Reference Grammar of Standard Slovene". Kansas.
Dialectal declension
[edit]- Gostenčnik, Januška (2018). Krajevni govori ob Čabranki in zgornji Kolpi (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: Založba ZRC. ISBN 978-961-05-0081-0.
- Jakop, Tjaša (10 September 2008). Dvojina v slovenskih narečjih. Linguistica et philologica (in Slovenian). Vol. 21. Ljubljana: ZRC SAZU. doi:10.3986/9789612540777. ISBN 978-961-254-077-7. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help) - Logar, Tine (1996). Kenda-Jež, Karmen (ed.). Dialektološke in jezikovnozgodovinske razprave [Dialectological and etymological discussions] (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU, Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša. ISBN 961-6182-18-8.
- Steenwijk, Han (1992). Barentsen, A. A.; Groen, B. M.; Sprenger, R. (eds.). The Slovene dialect of Resia: San Giorno. Vol. 18. Amsterdam - Atlanta: Rodopi. ISBN 90-5183-366-0.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help) - Špehonja, Nino (2012). Nediška gramatika (in Italian). Poligrafice San Marco.
Obsolete features
[edit]- Snoj, Marko (2013). "Zvalnik v slovenščini". Jezikovna svetovalnica [Language Counselling Service] (in Slovenian). Retrieved 3 October 2022.
- Šekli, Matej (2018). Legan Ravnikar, Andreja (ed.). Tipologija lingvogenez slovanskih jezikov (in Slovenian). Translated by Plotnikova, Anastasija. Ljubljana: Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU. ISBN 978-961-05-0137-4.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help) - Toporišič, Jože (1979). Slovenski knjižni jezik 2 (in Slovenian) (5th ed.). Ljubljana: ZRC SAZU.
- Toporišič, Jože (1979). Slovenski knjižni jezik 3 (in Slovenian) (2nd ed.). Ljubljana: ZRC SAZU.
- Toporišič, Jože (2000). Slovenska slovnica / Jože Toporišič. - 4. prenovljena in razširjena izd (in Slovenian). Maribor: Obzorja. ISBN 961-230-171-9.
- Toporišič, Jože (2003). Škrabčevo oblikoslovje iz 90. let 19. stoletja (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: ZRC SAZU.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help)