Foreign relations of Haiti
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Haiti was one of the original members of the League of Nations, and was one of the original members of the United Nations and several of its specialized and related agencies. It is also a founding member of the Organization of American States. Haiti also has diplomatic relations with the Republic of China, commonly known as Taiwan, instead of the People's Republic of China. Taiwan is one of Haiti's major trading partners and the two countries maintain very friendly relations. Haiti has also re-established very warm relations with Cuba in which a major act of bilateral cooperation has resulted in Cuba's large contribution of doctors to the country. The Haitian government has publicly shown admiration to Fidel Castro and his administration.[citation needed]
The international community rallied to Haiti's defense during the 1991 to 1994 period of illegal military rule. Thirty-one countries participated in the U.S.-led Multinational Force (MNF) which, acting under UN auspices, intervened in September 1994 to help restore the legitimate government and create a secure and stable environment in Haiti. At its peak, the MNF included roughly 21,000 troops, mostly Americans, and more than 1,000 international police monitors. Within six months, the troop level was gradually reduced as the MNF transitioned to a 6,000 strong peacekeeping force, the UN Mission in Haiti (UNMIH). UNMIH was charged with maintaining the secure environment, which the MNF had helped establish, as well as nurturing Haiti's new police force through the presence of 900 police advisors. A total of 38 countries participated in UNMIH.
In order to spur Haiti's social and economic recovery from three years of de facto military rule and decades of misrule before that, international development banks and donor agencies pledged in 1994 to provide over US$2 billion in assistance by 1999. Disbursements were largely conditioned on progress in economic reform. Parliamentary inaction, principally as a result of the political struggles and gridlock that plagued Haiti since 1996, resulted in the blockage of much of this assistance as disbursement conditions were not met. The electoral crisis that has brewed in the aftermath of the 21 May 21, 2000 local and parliamentary elections has resulted in the blockage of most multilateral and bilateral assistance. Major donors are led by the United States, with the largest bilateral assistance program, and also include Canada, People's Republic of China, France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Peru, the Philippines, Russia, South Korea, Republic of China (Taiwan) and the United Kingdom. Multilateral aid is coordinated through an informal grouping of major donors under the auspices of the World Bank which, in addition to the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and the European Union, is also a major source of Haitian development assistance.
Visas are required for citizens of Colombia and Panama due to the actions of nationals of those two countries in using Haiti as a drop-off point for narcotic drugs bound for the United States. Panama's proximity to Colombia and their thriving off-shore banking industry has lured many traffickers to use that nation and Haiti as bases for their activities. Citizens of the Dominican Republic also require visas to visit Haiti, not only due to the hostile, sometimes volatile relations between both nations, but also because since the late 1990s, the Dominican Republic has become another base for illicit drugs bound for the United States, which usually enter illegally via Puerto Rico. Once in Puerto Rico, drugs can easily reach the United States due to the absence of both immigration and customs between that island and the mainland.[1]
Disputes – international: claims US-administered Navassa Island
Illicit drugs: major Caribbean transshipment point for cocaine en route to the US and Europe (see Illegal drug trade in Haiti)
Diplomatic relations
[edit]List of countries which Haiti maintains diplomatic relations with:
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# | Country | Date |
1 | ![]() |
12 February 1838[2] |
2 | ![]() |
13 May 1859[3] |
3 | ![]() |
1 October 1862[4] |
4 | ![]() |
10 June 1864[5] |
5 | ![]() |
26 July 1867[6] |
— | ![]() |
1881[2] |
6 | ![]() |
24 February 1898[7] |
7 | ![]() |
15 January 1902[8] |
8 | ![]() |
3 February 1904[9] |
9 | ![]() |
21 November 1912[10] |
10 | ![]() |
1928[11] |
11 | ![]() |
11 July 1929[12] |
12 | ![]() |
18 November 1933[13] |
13 | ![]() |
7 August 1936[14] |
14 | ![]() |
1 February 1939[15] |
15 | ![]() |
20 September 1939[16] |
16 | ![]() |
13 December 1939[17] |
17 | ![]() |
31 March 1941[18] |
18 | ![]() |
29 September 1941[19] |
19 | ![]() |
7 June 1943[20] |
20 | ![]() |
28 October 1943[21] |
21 | ![]() |
5 September 1945[22] |
22 | ![]() |
11 October 1945[23] |
23 | ![]() |
6 July 1946[24] |
— | ![]() |
1947[25] |
24 | ![]() |
1948[26] |
25 | ![]() |
14 November 1949[27] |
26 | ![]() |
1950[28] |
27 | ![]() |
29 June 1952[29] |
28 | ![]() |
6 August 1952[30] |
29 | ![]() |
23 September 1953[31] |
30 | ![]() |
1 November 1953[32] |
31 | ![]() |
12 May 1954[33] |
32 | ![]() |
29 September 1955[34] |
— | ![]() |
25 April 1956[35] |
33 | ![]() |
April 1956[36] |
34 | ![]() |
2 October 1956[37] |
35 | ![]() |
24 November 1957[38] |
36 | ![]() |
12 September 1958[39] |
37 | ![]() |
5 April 1959[40] |
38 | ![]() |
21 May 1959[41] |
39 | ![]() |
30 November 1960[42] |
40 | ![]() |
December 1960[43] |
41 | ![]() |
4 February 1962[44] |
42 | ![]() |
21 August 1962[45] |
43 | ![]() |
22 September 1962[46] |
44 | ![]() |
1965[47] |
45 | ![]() |
29 September 1966[48] |
46 | ![]() |
6 October 1970[49] |
47 | ![]() |
5 August 1972[50] |
48 | ![]() |
31 January 1974[51] |
49 | ![]() |
16 April 1974[52] |
50 | ![]() |
6 March 1975[53] |
51 | ![]() |
26 August 1977[54] |
52 | ![]() |
28 January 1978[55] |
53 | ![]() |
1 March 1979[56] |
54 | ![]() |
18 January 1979[54] |
55 | ![]() |
1979[57] |
56 | ![]() |
9 May 1980[58] |
57 | ![]() |
11 January 1981[59] |
58 | ![]() |
26 August 1981[60] |
59 | ![]() |
14 October 1981[61] |
60 | ![]() |
17 December 1981[62] |
61 | ![]() |
1982[63] |
62 | ![]() |
10 January 1983[64] |
63 | ![]() |
16 December 1983[65] |
64 | ![]() |
20 January 1984[66] |
65 | ![]() |
22 August 1985[67] |
66 | ![]() |
15 September 1985[68] |
67 | ![]() |
1 October 1986[54] |
68 | ![]() |
30 October 1986[54] |
69 | ![]() |
4 September 1987[69] |
70 | ![]() |
2 June 1996[54] |
71 | ![]() |
27 September 1996[70] |
72 | ![]() |
11 June 1997[71] |
73 | ![]() |
25 September 1997[54] |
74 | ![]() |
26 September 1997[54] |
75 | ![]() |
26 September 1997[72] |
76 | ![]() |
26 September 1997[54] |
77 | ![]() |
9 December 1997[54] |
78 | ![]() |
21 January 1999[54] |
79 | ![]() |
30 March 1999[54] |
80 | ![]() |
15 October 1999[54] |
81 | ![]() |
29 October 1999[54] |
82 | ![]() |
17 January 2000[54] |
83 | ![]() |
15 October 2000[54] |
84 | ![]() |
2000[73] |
85 | ![]() |
16 February 2001[54] |
86 | ![]() |
11 April 2001[54] |
87 | ![]() |
2001[74] |
88 | ![]() |
9 May 2003[54] |
89 | ![]() |
11 July 2005[54] |
90 | ![]() |
18 November 2005[54] |
91 | ![]() |
15 December 2005[54] |
92 | ![]() |
14 December 2006[54] |
93 | ![]() |
19 January 2007[54] |
94 | ![]() |
25 January 2007[75] |
95 | ![]() |
23 May 2007[54] |
96 | ![]() |
24 February 2008[76] |
97 | ![]() |
24 June 2008[77] |
98 | ![]() |
21 October 2009[54] |
99 | ![]() |
31 March 2010[54] |
100 | ![]() |
4 May 2010[54] |
101 | ![]() |
5 May 2010[54] |
102 | ![]() |
23 September 2010[54] |
103 | ![]() |
16 December 2011[54] |
104 | ![]() |
26 January 2012[54] |
105 | ![]() |
7 June 2012[54] |
106 | ![]() |
5 September 2012[54] |
107 | ![]() |
16 October 2012[78] |
108 | ![]() |
17 October 2012[54] |
109 | ![]() |
7 November 2012[79] |
110 | ![]() |
21 November 2012[54] |
111 | ![]() |
14 December 2012[54] |
112 | ![]() |
2012[80] |
113 | ![]() |
5 August 2013[54] |
114 | ![]() |
20 September 2013[81] |
— | ![]() |
27 September 2013[54] |
115 | ![]() |
10 January 2014[82] |
116 | ![]() |
14 January 2014[54] |
117 | ![]() |
4 September 2014[83] |
118 | ![]() |
24 October 2014[84] |
119 | ![]() |
9 March 2016[54] |
120 | ![]() |
13 February 2018[54] |
121 | ![]() |
15 August 2018[54] |
122 | ![]() |
20 September 2023[85] |
123 | ![]() |
Unknown |
124 | ![]() |
Unknown |
125 | ![]() |
Unknown |
126 | ![]() |
Unknown |
127 | ![]() |
Unknown |
128 | ![]() |
Unknown |
129 | ![]() |
Unknown |
131 | ![]() |
Unknown |
132 | ![]() |
Unknown |
Bilateral relations
[edit]Africa
[edit]Country | Formal relations began on | Notes |
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December 1960 | See Benin–Haiti relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations in December 1960 with opened Embassy of Haiti in Dahomey. It was closed in 1963 and reopened in Cotonou in February 2004. Embassy Haiti in Benin was finally closed on 11 December 2018.[43] Haiti and Benin maintain diplomatic relations with a Haitian office in Cotonou, although Benin does not currently maintain an official diplomatic presence in the country due to the 2010 earthquake. Benin contributed a contingency of 32 police/civilian personnel to MINUSTAH. The two countries share an extensive cultural history by a way of the Atlantic slave trade and the resulting importing of Haitian Vodou as a religious force in Haitian society. The devastating earthquake was followed, among many reactions, by an outburst of solidarity prayers in Benin with the victims.[86] Traditional ceremonies were organized to appease the spirits and seek the blessing of ancestors for the Haitians.[87] In December 2018, Haiti closed its embassy in Cotonou.[88]
|
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25 January 2007 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 January 2007 when first Ambassador of Burkina Faso to Haiti Salif Nebié, has presented his credentials to President René Préval.[75] |
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11 January 1981 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 January 1981 when Ambassador of Haiti (with residence in Nigeria) M. Antoine Victor Pierre-Louis has presented his credentials to President of Cameroon M. Ahmadou Ahidjo.[59] |
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||
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24 June 2008 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 2008 when Ambassador of Equatorial Guinea Teresa Efua Asangono presented his credentials to President of Haiti, René Préval.[77] |
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14 October 1981 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 October 1981 when first ambassador of Haiti to Gabon with residence in Dakar Mr Victor Pierre Louis presented his credentials to President Bongo[61]
|
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10 January 1983 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 January 1983 when first Ambassador of Guinea to Haiti (resident in New York) Mr. Alpha Ibrahima Diallo presented his credentials to President Jean Claude Duvalier.[64] |
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20 September 2023 |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 September 2023.[90] Kenya offered to lead the Multinational Security Support Mission to Haiti with a force of 1,000 police officers, and this offer was accepted by the UN Security Council in October 2023.[91] Haitian prime minister Ariel Henry visited Kenya in March 2024 to sign the agreement to deploy the police officers to Haiti.[92] Haiti is accredited to Kenya from its embassy in Pretoria. Kenya is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Havana. |
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1864 | |
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23 October 2014 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 October 2014 when first Ambassador of Namibia to Haiti Mr. Jerobeam Shaanika presented his credentials to President Michel Martelly[94] |
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||
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6 March 1975 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1975 when first Ambassador of Zambia to Haiti (resident in New York) Mr. Rupiah Bwezani Banda presented his credentials to Président Duvalier.[95] |
Americas
[edit]Country | Formal relations began on | Notes |
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1 February 1939 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 February 1939 when first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Argentina to Haiti (Resident in Havana) Mr. Victor Lascado presented his credentials.[96]
|
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26 August 1977 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 August 1977[97] |
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1928 | See Brazil–Haiti relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1928.[98]
|
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12 May 1954 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 May 1954[99]
During the unsettled period from 1957 to 1990, Canada received many Haitian refugees, who now form a significant minority in Quebec. Canada participated in various international interventions in Haiti between 1994 and 2004, and continues to provide substantial aid to Haiti,[100] the second poorest country in the western hemisphere.[101] |
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See Chile–Haiti relations
Chile sent 650 peacekeeping troops to the island as part of the United Nations peace keeping mission.[104] Praising the work of the Chilean policemen in Haiti, National Police official Javiera Blanco said, "Even though today there is a need for the key presence of this mission, which is in mid term, the exit should be prepared for, considering that the country (Haiti) must take those responsibilities and build their capacities to do what is done by our mission." The police are planned to withdraw from Haiti in 2011.[105]
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7 August 1936 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 August 1936 when Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Colombia Ricardo Gutiérrez Lee has presented his credentials to Haiti.[106]
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3 February 1904 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 February 1904, which were interrupted on September 28, 1959, and later resumed on February 6, 1996.[107]
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9 November 1874 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 November 1874[108]
See Dominican Republic–Haiti relations Relations between Haiti and the Dominican Republic vacillated between barely tolerable and potentially combustible throughout the history of both countries' existences, reaching their lowest points in the Haitian invasion of the Dominican Republic, the aftermath of the Parsley Massacre, related Haitian-targeted ethnic cleansing campaigns by the Rafael Trujillo dictatorship and the 2010 earthquake in Port-au-Prince. The periodic influxes of Haitian economic (and, in times past, political) migrants across the border have also strained relations between the two countries at various recent times.
|
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14 November 1949 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 November 1949 when has been appointed Mr. Jorge Concha Enriquez as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Ecuador to Haiti with residence in Costa Rica.[27]
|
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6 October 1970 |
|
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26 August 1981 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 August 1981[110] |
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11 July 1929 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 July 1929[12]
|
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11 October 1945 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 October 1945[113]
|
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2 October 1956 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 October 1956 when has been appointed first non-resident Minister Plenipotentiary of Paraguay to Haiti Manuel Montanaro.[114] |
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31 January 1974 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 January 1974 when first Ambassador of Trinidad and Tobago to Haiti Mr. Charles H. Archibald presented his credentials[115] |
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1 October 1862 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1862[116]
See Haiti–United States relations
|
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| |
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10 June 1864 | See Haiti–Venezuela relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 June 1864.[119]
|
Asia
[edit]Country | Formal relations began on | Notes |
---|---|---|
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See Bangladesh–Haiti relations
The relations between the two countries have been largely influenced by the role of Bangladeshi peace keepers in Haiti. | |
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Haiti does not recognize China.
| |
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27 September 1996 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 1996[120] |
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11 September 1958 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 September 1958[125]
Haiti recognized Israel's independence on 17 March 1949.
|
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10 January 2014 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 January 2014 when Ambassador of Pakistan M. Qazi M. Khalilullah has presented his credentials to President of Haiti Michel Martelly.[82] |
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3 April 1984 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 April 1984 when first Ambassador of Haiti to Philippines Mr. Raymond Perodin presented his credentials[126]
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25 April 1956 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 April 1956[35]
|
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March 23, 1943[127] | See Haiti–Turkey relations
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Europe
[edit]Country | Formal relations began on | Notes |
---|---|---|
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15 January 1902 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 January 1902 when has been appointed C. Renoz as Consul General and Chargé d'Affaires of Belgium to Haiti.[8]
|
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12 February 1838 | See France–Haiti relations
|
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See Germany–Haiti relations
| |
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| |
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24 February 1898 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 February 1898 when has been accredited Minister Resident of Italy to Haiti Chicco Enrico.[133]
|
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21 November 1912 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 November 1912 when has been accredited first Chargé d'Affaires of Haiti to the Netherlands Mr. Stenio Vincent.[10]
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See Haiti–Poland relations
| |
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| |
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20 December 1939 | See Haiti–Spain relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 December 1939 when first Chargé d'Affaires ad interim of Spain to Haiti (Resident in Ciudad Trujillo) Mr. Rafael de los Casares Moya presented his credentials.[134] |
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31 March 1941 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 March 1941 when first Chargé d'Affaires ad interim of Sweden to Haiti (Resident in Havana) Mr. Erik Wisen presented his credentials.[136] |
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29 September 1941 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 September 1941 when accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Haiti to Switzerland Mr. Constantin Fouchard[19] |
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13 May 1859 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 May 1859 when has been appointed first British Chargé d'Affaires and Consul General to Haiti Thomas Neville Ussher.[137]
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Oceania
[edit]Country | Formal relations began on | Notes |
---|---|---|
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2000 |
|
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4 September 2014 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 September 2014 when first Ambassador of New Zealand to Haiti Mrs Caroline Beresford presented his credentials to President Michel Martelly[83]
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Multilateral membership
[edit]- African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States
- African Union (observer)
- Association of Caribbean States
- ALBA (observer)
- Caricom
- Central American Integration System (SICA) (observer)
- CELAC
- CCC
- Caribbean Development Bank
- United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
- Food and Agriculture Organization
- G-33
- G-77
- Ibero-American Summit (observer)
- Inter-American Development Bank
- International Atomic Energy Agency
- International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
- International Civil Aviation Organization
- International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
- International Fund for Agricultural Development
- International Finance Corporation
- International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
- International Labour Organization
- International Monetary Fund
- International Telecommunication Union
- Intelsat
- Interpol
- International Olympic Committee
- International Organization for Migration
- International Organization for Standardization
- International Telecommunication Union
- Latin American Economic System
- Non-Aligned Movement
- Organization of American States
- Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie, International Organisation of La Francophonie (OIF)
- OPANAL
- Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
- Rio Group
- United Nations
- United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
- UNESCO
- United Nations Industrial Development Organization
- Universal Postal Union
- World Health Organization
- World Intellectual Property Organization
- World Meteorological Organization
- World Tourism Organization
- World Trade Organization
See also
[edit]- List of diplomatic missions in Haiti
- List of diplomatic missions of Haiti
- Visa requirements for Haitian citizens
References
[edit]- ^ Embassy of the Republic of Haiti in Washington: Visas
- ^ a b von Martens, Karl (1846). Recueil manuel et pratique de traités, conventions et autres actes diplomatiques: sur lesquels sont établis les relations et les rapports existant aujourd'hui entre les divers états souverains du globe (in French). F. A. Brockhaus. p. 649.
- ^ The Foreign Office List and Diplomatic and Consular Year Book. Harrison. 1912. pp. 452–453.
- ^ "All Countries". Office of the Historian. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ Libro amarillo correspondiente al año ...: presentado al Congreso Nacional en sus sesiones ordinarias de ... por el titular despacho (in Spanish). Venezuela. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 2003. pp. 528–529.
- ^ Archives diplomatiques. Recueil de diplomatie et d'histoire, 31 (in French). Amyot. 1868. p. 453.
- ^ "I Documenti Diplomatici Italiani Terza Serie: 1896-1907 Volume II (1 maggio 1897 - 23 giugno 1898)". farnesina.ipzs.it (in Italian). p. 369. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- ^ a b Recueil Consulaire Contenant les Rapports Commerciaux des Agents Belges a L'Etranger Volume 120 (in French). Belgium. Ministère des affaires étrangères. 1903. p. 12.
- ^ "Primer ministro de Haití inicia hoy visita oficial a Cuba" (in Spanish). 15 May 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
- ^ a b Almanach de Gotha (in French). Gotha, Germany : Justus Perthes. 1914. p. 1055. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
- ^ "Todos los países" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 16 September 2023.
- ^ a b "Hoy conmemoramos el 92 aniversario del establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas entre Mexico y Haiti". Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores de México (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 April 2023.
- ^ "SERIA WYDAWNICZA: POLSKA SŁUŻBA ZAGRANICZNA 1918–1945 – materiały źródłowe" (PDF) (in Polish). p. 271. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-12-22. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
- ^ Ardila, Daniel Gutiérrez (November 2014). "Colombia y Haití: historia de un desencuentro (1819-1831)". Secuencia (in Spanish). 81.
- ^ British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print From 1940 through 1945. Latin America. Part III. Series D. Great Britain. Foreign Office, James Dunkerley, Michael Partridge, Paul Preston. 1998. p. 115.
- ^ British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: South and Central America, July 1942-December 1942. Great Britain. Foreign Office, James Dunkerley, Michael Partridge, Paul Preston. 1998. p. 169.
- ^ Boletin del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores (in Spanish). Vol. 137–138. Peru. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 1940. p. 306.
- ^ British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: South and Central America, July 1942-December 1942. Great Britain. Foreign Office, James Dunkerley, Michael Partridge, Paul Preston. 1998. p. 169.
- ^ a b "Ordre de préséance de MM. les chefs de Mission". Département politique 1942 (in French). p. 79.
- ^ Memoria (in Spanish). Impr. Nacional. 1943. p. 1016.
- ^ "Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater" (PDF). regjeringen.no (in Norwegian). 27 April 1999. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
- ^ Martino Contu (2020). "Las relaciones consulares y diplomáticas entre Uruguay y Haití en los siglos xix y xx a través de las fuentes del archivo histórico-diplomático de Montevideo" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 47. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
- ^ "RELACIONES DIPLOMÁTICAS DE LA REPÚBLICA DE PANAMÁ" (PDF). p. 195. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
- ^ "The Republic of the Philippines and the Republic of Haiti celebrate 77 years of formal diplomatic relations today, July 06!". 6 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
- ^ de Béthencourt, Marcos Fernández (2019). La orden de Malta: Estatuto Jurídico internacional (in Spanish). Editorial Sanz Y Torres. p. 296.
- ^ "Relaciones Diplomáticas de Guatemala" (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 July 2021.
- ^ a b Informe a la nación que presenta el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores (in Spanish). Ecuador. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 1949. p. 12.
- ^ "Relations between Turkey and Haiti". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
- ^ "George Brewer, Jr., the new Liberian Minister to Haiti arrived in the Capital last Sunday and will present his credentials to the President in July". Haiti Sun. June 29, 1952. p. 4. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
- ^ "La Gaceta - Diario Oficial de Nicaragua - No. 182 del 11 de agosto 1952" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 1679. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
- ^ "Länder" (in German). Retrieved 23 July 2023.
- ^ Udenrigsministeriets Tidsskrift (in Danish). 1953. p. 835.
- ^ Linwood, DeLong (January 2020). "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". Retrieved 26 June 2023.
- ^ Jorge Francisco, Saenz Carbonell (2013). "LAS RELACIONES CON ISRAEL" (PDF). Historia Diplomatica de Costa Rica(1948-1970) (in Spanish). p. 122. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
- ^ a b "Taiwan, Haiti celebrate 65 years of diplomatic relations". Taiwan Today. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
- ^ "Countries & Regions". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
- ^ Yegros, Ricardo Scavone (2011). Representantes Diplomáticos Paraguayos : nómina de los jefes de Misiones Diplomáticas de la República del Paraguay (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
- ^ "Haiti Sun Sunday, November 24th, 1957". Retrieved 13 November 2023.
- ^ "Israel and Haiti Establish Diplomatic Relations on Embassy Level". 12 September 1958.
- ^ "Ethiopia Establishes Embassy Here Ambassador Arrives" (PDF). Haiti Sun. April 5, 1959. pp. 1, 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
- ^ "Lebanese Envoy Cause For Celebrating". Haiti Sun. May 24, 1959. pp. 1, 16. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
- ^ "Peruvian and UAR Envoys Present Letters of Credance". Haiti Sun. December 4, 1960. p. 18. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
- ^ a b "Diplomatie: l'Ambassade d'Haïti au Bénin définitivement fermée". Benin Web TV (in French). 16 December 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
- ^ "First Ambassador of Senegal presents "Lettres de Creance" to President Duvalier". Haiti Sun. 4 February 1962. p. 16.
- ^ "Mali and Guatemala envoys present credentials". Haiti Sun. 26 August 1962. p. 16. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
- ^ "Countries & Regions". Retrieved 24 May 2023.
- ^ "Países" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2 July 2022.
- ^ "Countries and regions A–Z". Archived from the original on March 30, 2018. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
- ^ "Countries with which Guyana has Establishment Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
- ^ "LIST OF COUNTRIES WITH WHICH BARBADOS HAS DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BY REGIONS". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade (Barbados). Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
- ^ Jean-Claude Duvalier (1978). Discours et messages: 21 avril 1973-avril 1975 (in French). Impr. H. Deschamps. p. 121.
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External links
[edit]- (in English and French) Consulate General of Haiti in Chicago, USA
- (in French) Consulate General of Haiti in Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- (in English and French) Consulate General of Haiti in New York City, USA
- (in French) Embassy of France in Port-au-Prince, Haiti
- (in English and French)Embassy of Canada in Haiti
- (in Spanish and French) Embassy of Haiti in Havana, Cuba
- (in English and French) Embassy of Haiti in Washington, D.C.
- (in English and French) Permanent Mission of Haiti to the United Nations
- (in English and French) United States Embassy in Port-au-Prince, Haiti