Timeline of states of matter and phase transitions
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This is a timeline of states of matter and phase transitions, specifically discoveries related to either of these topics.
Timeline
[edit]19th century
[edit]![[icon]](/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2024) |
- 1895 – Pierre Curie discovers that induced magnetization is proportional to magnetic field strength
20th century
[edit]- 1911 – Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discloses his research on superconductivity[1]
- 1912 – Peter Debye derives the T-cubed law for the low temperature heat capacity of a nonmetallic solid
- 1924-1925 - Bose–Einstein condensate was first predicted, generally, by Albert Einstein[2]
- 1925 – Ernst Ising presents the solution to the one-dimensional Ising model
- 1928 – Felix Bloch applies quantum mechanics to electrons in crystal lattices, establishing the quantum theory of solids[3]
- 1929 – Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac [citation needed] and Werner Karl Heisenberg develop the quantum theory of ferromagnetism[4]
- 1932 – Louis Eugène Félix Néel discovers antiferromagnetism[5]
- 1933 – Walther Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld discover perfect superconducting diamagnetism[6]
- 1933–1937 – Lev Davidovich Landau develops the Landau theory of phase transitions
- 1937 – Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa and John Frank Allen discover superfluidity
- 1941 – Lev Davidovich Landau explains superfluidity
- 1942 – Hannes Alfvén predicts magnetohydrodynamic waves in plasmas
- 1944 – Lars Onsager publishes the exact solution to the two-dimensional Ising model[7]
- 1957 – John Bardeen, Leon Cooper, and Robert Schrieffer develop the BCS theory of superconductivity
- End of the 50s – Lev Davidovich Landau develops the theory of Fermi liquid[8]
- 1959 – Philip Warren Anderson predicts localization in disordered systems
- 1972 – Douglas Osheroff, Robert C. Richardson, and David Lee discover that helium-3 can become a superfluid
- 1974 – Kenneth G. Wilson develops the renormalization group technique for treating phase transitions
- 1980 – Klaus von Klitzing discovers the quantum Hall effect[9]
- 1982 – Horst L. Störmer and Daniel C. Tsui discover the fractional quantum Hall effect
- 1983 – Robert B. Laughlin explains the fractional quantum Hall effect
- 1987 – Karl Alexander Müller and Georg Bednorz discover high critical temperature ceramic superconductors
- 1995 - Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman produce the first Bose–Einstein condensate using rubidium atoms[10]
21st century
[edit] | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2024) |
- 2000 – CERN announced quark-gluon plasma, a new phase of matter.[11]
- 2023 - Physicists from US and China discovered a new state of matter called the chiral bose-liquid state[12]
- 2024 - Harvard researchers working with Quantinuum announced a new phase of matter non-Abelian topological order[13]
References
[edit]- ^ van Delft, Dirk; Kes, Peter (1 September 2010). "The discovery of superconductivity". Physics Today. Vol. 63, no. 9. AIP Publishing LLC. pp. 38–43. doi:10.1063/1.3490499. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
- ^ Einstein, Albert (10 July 1924). "Quantentheorie des einatomigen idealen Gases" (PDF). Königliche Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Sitzungsberichte (in German): 261–267. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
- ^ Bloch, Felix (1928). Über die Quantenmechanik der Elektronen in Kristallgittern [On the quantum mechanics of electrons in crystal lattices] (PhD thesis) (in German). Universität Leipzig. OCLC 43394732.
- ^ Heisenberg, Werner (September 1928). "Zur Theorie des Ferromagnetismus" [On the theory of ferromagnetism]. Zeitschrift für Physik (Journal of Physics) (in German). 49: 619–636. doi:10.1007/BF01328601.
- ^ Louis Néel. "Influence des fluctuations du champ moléculaire sur les propriétés magnétiques des corps" [Influence of molecular field fluctuations on the magnetic properties of bodies]. Annales de Physique (in French). 10 (18): 5–105. doi:10.1051/anphys/193210180005.
- ^ Meissner, Walther; Ochsenfeld, Robert (November 1933). "Ein neuer Effekt bei Eintritt der Supraleitfähigkeit" [A new effect when superconductivity occurs]. Naturwissenschaften. 21: 787–788. doi:10.1007/BF01504252.
- ^ Onsager, Lars (1 February 1944), "Crystal statistics. 1. A Two-dimensional model with an order disorder transition", Physical Review, vol. 65, pp. 117–149, doi:10.1103/PhysRev.65.117
- ^ Landau, Lev D. (January 1957). "The theory of the Fermi liquid". Soviet Physics JETP. 3 (6). Translated by Kruglak, H.: 920. Original: € Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz., J. Exptl. Theoret. Phys. (U.S.S.R.) Vol. 30, 1956, pp. 1058-1064.
- ^ Klaus, von Klitzing (1 July 1986). "The quantized Hall effect". Reviews of Modern Physics. 58 (3). American Physical Society: 519–531. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.58.519.
- ^ Anderson, M. H.; Ensher, J. R.; Matthews, M. R.; Wieman, C. E.; Cornell, E. A. (14 July 1995). "Observation of Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Dilute Atomic Vapor". Science. 269 (5221): 198–201. Bibcode:1995Sci...269..198A. doi:10.1126/science.269.5221.198. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17789847.
- ^ "New State of Matter created at CERN". CERN. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
- ^ Wang, R.; Sedrakyan, T.A.; Wang, B.; et al. (14 June 2023). "Excitonic topological order in imbalanced electron–hole bilayers". Nature. 619: 57–62. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06065-w.
- ^ Iqbal, M.; Tantivasadakarn, N.; Verresen, R.; et al. (14 February 2024). "Non-Abelian topological order and anyons on a trapped-ion processor". Nature. 626: 505–511. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06934-4.