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James Clavell

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James Clavell
BornCharles Edmund Dumaresq Clavell
(1921-10-10)10 October 1921
Sydney, Australia
Died7 September 1994(1994-09-07) (aged 72)
Vevey, Switzerland
Occupation
  • Novelist
  • screenwriter
  • director
Citizenship
  • Australian
  • British
  • American
Period1958–1993
Spouse
April Stride
​
(m. 1949)​
Children
  • Michaela Clavell
  • Holly Clavell
Military career
AllegianceUnited Kingdom
Service / branchBritish Army
Years of service1940–1948
RankCaptain
UnitRoyal Artillery
Battles / wars

James Clavell (born Charles Edmund Dumaresq Clavell; 10 October 1921[1][2] – 7 September 1994) was an Australian-born, British-raised and educated, naturalized-American writer, screenwriter, director, and World War II veteran and prisoner of war. Clavell is best known for his Asian Saga novels, a number of which have had television adaptations. Clavell also wrote such screenplays as those for The Fly (1958), based on the short story by George Langelaan, and The Great Escape (1963), based on the personal account of Paul Brickhill. He directed the popular 1967 film To Sir, with Love, for which he also wrote the script.

Biography

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Early life

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Born in Sydney, Australia, Clavell was the son of Commander Richard Charles Clavell, a Royal Navy officer who was stationed in Australia with the Royal Australian Navy from 1920 to 1922. Richard Clavell was posted back to England when James was nine months old. Clavell was educated at The Portsmouth Grammar School.[3]

World War II

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In 1940, Clavell joined the Royal Artillery, and received an emergency Regular Army commission as a second lieutenant on 10 May 1941.[4] Though trained for desert warfare, after the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 he was sent to Singapore to fight the Japanese. The ship taking his unit was sunk en route to Singapore, and the survivors were picked up by a Dutch boat fleeing to India. The commander, described by Clavell years later as a "total twit", insisted that they be dropped off at the nearest port to fight the war despite having no weapons.[5]

Imprisoned in Changi

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Shot in the face,[5] he was captured in Java in 1942 and sent to a local Japanese prisoner of war camp. Later, he was transferred to Changi Prison in Singapore.[6]

In 1981, Clavell recounted:

Changi became my university instead of my prison. Among the inmates there were experts in all walks of life—the high and the low roads. I studied and absorbed everything I could from physics to counterfeiting, but most of all I learned the art of surviving, the most important course of all.[5]

Prisoners were fed a quarter of a pound (110 g) of rice per day, one egg per week and occasional vegetables. Clavell believed that if atomic bombs had not been dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki he would not have survived the war.[5]

Clavell did not talk about his wartime experiences with anyone, even his wife, for 15 years after the war. For a time he carried a can of sardines in his pocket at all times and fought an urge to forage for food in rubbish bins. He also experienced bad dreams and a nervous stomach kept him awake at night.[5]

Post-war career

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After the war, Clavell was promoted to war-substantive lieutenant, with effect from 1 August 1942,[7] and to temporary captain on 10 June 1946,[7] A motorcycle crash, however, ended his military career. On 20 July 1948, he was officially discharged from the army on account of disability, leaving with the honorary rank of captain.[8] He enrolled with the University of Birmingham, where he met April Stride, an actress, whom he married in 1949 (date of marriage sometimes given as 1951).[9] He would visit her on the film sets where she was working and began to be interested in becoming a film director.[10]

Early work on films

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Clavell entered the film industry via distribution and worked at that in England for a number of years. He tried to get into producing but had no luck, so he started writing screenplays. In 1954 he moved to New York, then to Hollywood. While trying to break into screenwriting, he paid the bills working as a carpenter.[10]

In 1956, he sold a script about pilots to RKO, Far Alert.[11] The same year Michael Pate bought a story of his, Forbidden Territory, for filming.[12]

Neither was filmed but Far Alert kept being sold and re-sold. "In 18 months it brought in $87,000", he later said. "We kept getting paid for writing it and rewriting it as it went from one studio to another. It was wonderful."[10] It was later sold to Fox where it attracted the attention of Robert L. Lippert, who hired Clavell to write the science-fiction horror movie The Fly (1958). This became a hit and launched Clavell as a screenwriter.

He wrote Watusi (1959) for director Kurt Neumann, who had also made The Fly.

Clavell wrote Five Gates to Hell (1959) for Lippert, and when they could not find a suitable director, Clavell was given the job.[13]

Paramount hired Clavell to write a film about the Bounty mutineers.[14] It ended up not being made. Neither was a proposed movie about Francis Gary Powers made.[15] Clavell did write, produce, and direct a Western at Paramount, Walk Like a Dragon (1960).

In 1959, Clavell wrote "Moon Landing" and "First Woman in the Moon", two episodes of Men into Space, a "day after tomorrow"-style science fiction drama, which depicted, in realistic terms, the (at the time) near future of space exploration.

In 1960, Clavell had written a Broadway show with John Sturges, White Alice, a thriller set in the Arctic.[16] It was never produced.

Early prose and screenplay work

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In 1960, the Writers Guild went on strike, meaning Clavell was unable to work. He decided to write a novel, King Rat, based on his time at Changi. It took him three months and several more months after that to rework it. The book was published in 1962 and sold well. It was turned into a film in 1965.[10]

In 1961, Clavell announced he had formed his own company, Cee Productions, who would make the films King Rat, White Alice and No Hands on the Clock.[17]

In 1962, Clavell signed a multi picture contract with a Canadian company to produce and direct two films there, Circle of Greed and The Sweet and the Bitter.[18] Only the second was made and it was not released until 1967.

Clavell wrote scripts for the war films The Great Escape (1963) and 633 Squadron (1964).[19]

He wrote a short story, "The Children's Story" (1964) and the script for The Satan Bug (1965), directed by John Sturges who had made The Great Escape. He also wrote Richard Sahib for Sturges which was never made.[20]

Clavell wanted to write a second novel because "that separates the men from the boys".[21] The money from King Rat enabled him to spend two years researching and then writing what became Tai-Pan (1966). It was a huge best-seller, and Clavell sold the film rights for a sizeable amount (although the film would not be made until 1986).[22]

Leading film director

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Clavell returned to filmmaking. He wrote, produced and directed To Sir, with Love (1967), featuring Sidney Poitier and based on E. R. Braithwaite's semiautobiographical 1959 book. It was a huge critical and commercial success.[23]

Clavell was now in much demand as a filmmaker. He produced and directed Where's Jack? (1969), a highwayman film which was a commercial failure.[24] So too was an epic film about the Thirty Years' War, The Last Valley (1971).[25]

Career as novelist

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Clavell returned to novel writing, which was the focus of the remainder of his career. He spent three years researching and writing Shōgun (1975), about an Englishman who becomes a samurai in feudal Japan. It was another massive best-seller. Clavell was heavily involved in the 1980 miniseries which starred Richard Chamberlain and achieved huge ratings.

In the late 1970s he spent three years researching and writing his fourth novel, Noble House (1981), set in Hong Kong in 1963. It was another best-seller and was turned into a miniseries in 1986.[26]

Clavell briefly returned to filmmaking and directed a thirty-minute adaptation of his novelette The Children's Story. He was meant to do a sequel to Shōgun but instead wrote a novel about the 1979 revolution in Iran, Whirlwind (1986).[27]

Clavell eventually returned to the Shōgun sequel, writing Gai-Jin (1993). This was his last completed novel.

Films

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Novelist

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The New York Times said that "Clavell has a gift. It may be something that cannot be taught or earned. He breathes narrative ... He writes in the oldest and grandest tradition that fiction knows".[28] His first novel, King Rat (1962), was a semi-fictional account of his prison experiences at Changi. When the book was published it became an immediate best-seller, and three years later it was adapted as a movie. His next novel, Tai-Pan (1966), was a fictional account of Jardine Matheson's successful career in Hong Kong,[29] as told via the character who was to become Clavell's heroic archetype, Dirk Struan.[30] Struan's descendants were characters in almost all of his following books. Tai-Pan was adapted as a movie in 1986.

Clavell's third novel, Shōgun (1975), is set in 17th-century Japan, and it tells the story of a shipwrecked English navigator in Japan, based on that of William Adams. When the story was made into a TV miniseries in 1980, produced by Clavell, it became the second-highest-rated miniseries in history (after Roots) with an audience of more than 120 million.[31] A second 10-episode production of the epic was released in 2024 by FX on Hulu and FX.[32] It set a new record as the most awarded single season of television in Emmy history, and won the Primetime Emmy for Outstanding Drama Series.[33]

Clavell's fourth novel, Noble House (1981), became a best-seller that year and was adapted into a TV miniseries in 1988.

Following the success of Noble House, Clavell wrote Thrump-o-moto (1985), Whirlwind (1986) and Gai-Jin (1993).

Peter Marlowe

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Peter Marlowe is Clavell's author surrogate[5] and a character of the novels King Rat and Noble House (1981); he is also mentioned once (as a friend of Andrew Gavallan's) in Whirlwind (1986). Featured most prominently in King Rat, Marlowe is an English prisoner of war in Changi Prison during World War II. In Noble House, set two decades later, he is a novelist researching a book about Hong Kong. Marlowe's ancestors are also mentioned in other Clavell novels.

In Noble House Marlowe is mentioned as having written a novel about Changi which, although fictionalised, is based on real events (like those in King Rat). When asked which character was based on him, Marlowe answers, "Perhaps I'm not there at all", although in a later scene, he admits he was "the hero, of course".[34]

Novels

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The Asian Saga consists of six novels:

  1. King Rat (1962), set in a Japanese POW camp in Singapore in 1945.
  2. Tai-Pan (1966), set in Hong Kong in 1841
  3. Shōgun (1975), set in Japan from 1600 onwards
  4. Noble House (1981), set in Hong Kong in 1963
  5. Whirlwind (1986), set in Iran in 1979.
  6. Gai-Jin (1993), set in Japan in 1862

Children's stories

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Nonfiction

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Interactive fiction

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Politics and later life

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In 1963 Clavell became a naturalised citizen of the United States.[5] Politically, he was said to have been an ardent individualist and proponent of laissez-faire capitalism, as many of his books' heroes exemplify. Clavell admired Ayn Rand, founder of the Objectivist school of philosophy, and in 1981 he sent her a copy of Noble House inscribed: "This is for Ayn Rand—one of the real, true talents on this earth for which many, many thanks. James C, New York, 2 September 81."[38]

Between 1970 and 1990, Clavell lived at Fredley Manor near Mickleham, located in Surrey in South East England.[39]

Personal life

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Clavell had three children. He and his wife had two daughters, Michaela and Holly.[40][41][42][43] Clavell had an affair with Caroline Naylen Barrett, who was born in Tokyo to a Japanese mother and an American G.I. father. They had a daughter, Petra Barrett Brando-Corval, born in 1972.[44] Barrett, the longtime personal assistant and later girlfriend of Marlon Brando, raised Petra in England; Brando legally adopted Petra in 1981.[45] She lives in London with her husband Russel Anton Fischer, a film producer.

Death and legacy

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In 1994, Clavell died in Switzerland from a stroke while suffering from cancer. He was 72.

After sponsorship by his widow, the library and archive of the Royal Artillery Museum at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, in southeast London, was renamed the James Clavell Library in his honour.[46] The library was later closed pending the opening of a new facility in Salisbury, Wiltshire;[47] however, James Clavell Square on the Royal Arsenal development on Woolwich riverside remains.

References

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  1. ^ "James Du Maresq or Charles Edmund Clavell, California, Southern District Court (Central) Naturalization Index, 1915–1976". FamilySearch. Retrieved 26 January 2014. Date of birth often given as 10 October 1924.
  2. ^ "Births". The Sydney Morning Herald. 11 October 1921. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
  3. ^ "Obituary: James Clavell". Independent.co.uk. 8 September 1994. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024.
  4. ^ "No. 35167". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 May 1941. p. 2876.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Bernstein, Peter (13 September 1981). "Making of a Literary Shogun". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
  6. ^ Grimes, William (8 September 1994). "James Clavell, Best-Selling Storyteller of Far Eastern Epics, Is Dead at 69". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
  7. ^ a b The Quarterly Army List (August 1946 – Part I). London: HM Stationery Office. 1946. p. 548x.
  8. ^ "No. 38355". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 July 1948. p. 4139.
  9. ^ "FreeBMD Entry Info". FreeBMD. ONS. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  10. ^ a b c d Dudar, Helen (12 April 1981). "An author at home in Hollywood and Hong Kong". Chicago Tribune. p. e1.
  11. ^ Schallert, Edwin (19 June 1956). "Drama: Marine Rescue Story to Star Arness; Stage, Screen Blend Efforts". Los Angeles Times. p. 19.
  12. ^ Schallert, Edwin (9 October 1956). "Bon Voyage' Announced as Major Buy; 'Holiday in Monaco' Wald Film". Los Angeles Times. p. C11.
  13. ^ Weaver, Tom (19 February 2003). Double Feature Creature Attack: A Monster Merger of Two More Volumes of Classic Interviews. McFarland. p. 320. ISBN 9780786482153.
  14. ^ "SCHARY SUPPORTS WRITERS' STRIKE: Independent Film Producer Not Affected by Walkout Defends Pay in TV Sales". The New York Times. 27 October 1959. p. 42.
  15. ^ Vernon, Scott (28 May 1960). "U-2 Incident Causes Movie Repercussions". Los Ambrose Times. p. A7.
  16. ^ Zolotow, Sam (5 August 1960). "ELLIS LISTS STARS OF 'HAPPY ENDING': Ruth Chatterton, Pert Kelton and Conrad Nagel to Head Cast at New Hope, Pa". The New York Times. p. 13.
  17. ^ "Irwin Allen Signs Multiple Film Deal". Los Angeles Times. 28 June 1961. p. C11.
  18. ^ "FILMLAND EVENTS: Curtis' 'Playboy' Goes to Columbia". Los Angeles Times. 11 January 1962. p. B9.
  19. ^ "Writers Guild Foundation Library Database". Writers Guild Foundation. Archived from the original on 9 September 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2015.
  20. ^ Weiler, A.H. (3 May 1964). "BY WAY OF REPORT: John Sturges' 'Sahib' – Together Again". New York Times. p. X9.
  21. ^ Rosenfield, Paul (19 April 1981). "AUTHOR JAMES CLAVELL: A LEGEND IN HIS OWN TIME". Los Angeles Times. p. L5.
  22. ^ Weiler, A.H. (3 July 1966). "'Tai-Pan' Means Big Novel, Big Money, Big Movie: More on Movies". The New York Times. p. 45.
  23. ^ Warga, Wayne (20 April 1969). "A Blue-Ribbon Packager of Movie Deals". Los Angeles Times. p. w1.
  24. ^ Michael Deeley, Blade Runners, Deer Hunters and Blowing the Bloody Doors Off: My Life in Cult Movies, Pegasus Books, 2009 p 43–44
  25. ^ "ABC's 5 Years of Film Production Profits & Losses". Variety. 31 May 1973. p. 3.
  26. ^ Dudar, Helen (12 April 1981). "An author at home in Hollywood and Hong Kong". Chicago Tribune. p. E1.
  27. ^ Allemang, John (29 November 1986). "Clavell bullies the bullies now that he's No. 1". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. p. E.3.
  28. ^ Schott, Webster (22 June 1975). "Shogun". The New York Times. p. 236. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
  29. ^ Robyn Meredith, "Sailing From Old to New Asia; Jardine Matheson is ever more a play on its traditional region", Forbes Asia, Volume 4, Issue 15 (15 September 2008), p. 88.
  30. ^ "Book (1966): Tai-Pan, James Clavell", South China Morning Post (29 March 2009), p. 7.
  31. ^ Guttridge, Peter (9 September 1994). "Obituary: James Clavell". Independent. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
  32. ^ Andreeva, Nellie; Petski, Denise (3 August 2018). "FX Orders 'Shōgun' Limited Series Based On James Clavell Novel – TCA". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on 5 August 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
  33. ^ "Japan celebrates record Emmy wins for 'Shogun'". Associated Press News. 16 September 2024.
  34. ^ Clavell, James (1981). "65". Noble House.
  35. ^ Clavell, James (1986). Thrump-O-Moto. Illustrated by George Sharp (Hardcover ed.). Delacorte Press. ISBN 9780385295048.
  36. ^ Virgin Games (1986). "James Clavell's Shogun". Moby Games.
  37. ^ Infocom, Inc. (1988). "James Clavell's Shogun". Moby Games.
  38. ^ Enright, Marsha Familaro (May 2007), James Clavell's Asian Adventures, Fountainhead Institute, archived from the original on 10 March 2013, retrieved 1 March 2013
  39. ^ Churchill, Penny (9 March 2017). "For Your Eyes Only: The Surrey manor where James Clavell hosted 007 (and JR Ewing)". Country Life. Farnborough, Hampshire. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  40. ^ Grimes, William (8 September 1994). "James Clavell, Best-Selling Storyteller of Far Eastern Epics, Is Dead at 69". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
  41. ^ Oliver, Myrna (8 September 1994). "James Clavell; Author of 'Shogun,' Other Best-Sellers". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
  42. ^ Oliver, Myrna (8 September 1994). "'Shogun,' 'Tai-Pan' author James Clavell dies at 69". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
  43. ^ "Obituary: James Clavell". The Independent. 8 September 1994. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
  44. ^ "Petra Brando Fischer – A Daughter Remembers". Golden Globes. 4 December 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
  45. ^ "Brando, ex-aide settle lawsuit". Los Angeles Times. 30 June 2004. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
  46. ^ "James Clavell Library – Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, London, UK". Waymarking.com. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
  47. ^ "Firepower – The Royal Artillery Museum". The National Archives. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
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