World Organization of the Scout Movement
World Organization of the Scout Movement | |||
---|---|---|---|
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Headquarters | |||
Country | Worldwide | ||
Founded | 1922[1][2] | ||
Membership | |||
Chair | Daniël Corsen | ||
Vice-Chairs | Julius Kramer Mori Cheng | ||
Secretary General | Ahmad Alhendawi[6][7] | ||
| |||
Website http://www.scout.org | |||
The World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM /ˈwʊzəm/) is the largest international scout organization and was established in 1922.[1][2] It has 176 members.[3] These members are national scout organizations that founded WOSM or have subsequently been recognised by WOSM, which collectively have around 43 million participants.[5] Its operational headquarters is in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia while it is legally based in Geneva, Switzerland.
It is the counterpart of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS).[further explanation needed][citation needed]
WOSM's current stated mission is "to contribute to the education of young people, through a value system based on the Scout Promise and Scout Law, to help build a better world where people are self-fulfilled as individuals and play a constructive role in society".[8][9]
WOSM operates through conferences of its member organization representatives, its committee and its full-time bureau, structured into regions. It is associated with three World Scout Centres. A World Scout Jamboree is held approximately every four years under its auspices and it organizes World Scout Moots for 17- to 26-year-olds and previously organized World Scout Indabas, a gathering for Scout leaders. The World Scout Foundation is a separately governed fund, supported by donations, for the development of WOSM associated programs.
WOSM is a non-governmental organization with General Consultative Status to the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).[10]
History
[edit]A conference held during the 1st World Scout Jamboree at Olympia, London in 1920, agreed to create a Boy Scouts international bureau. An office was established at 25 Buckingham Palace Road, London and The Boy Scouts Association of the United Kingdom International Commissioner, Hubert S. Martin, was appointed as honorary director. The bureau's principal task was to co-ordinate discussions and prepare a second international conference in Paris in 1922.[1][2] At the 1922 Paris conference, The International Conference of the Boy Scout Movement, its committee and its Boy Scouts International Bureau were constituted by the founding member organizations.[2]
In 1961 the organization's conference reconstituted the organization under the name World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM). It's International Conference of the Boy Scout Movement became WOSM's World Scout Conference ("conference"), its Boy Scouts International Committee became WOSM's World Scout Committee ("committee") and its Boy Scouts International Bureau became WOSM's World Scout Bureau ("bureau").[11]
Structure
[edit]Membership
[edit]See: WOSM members
WOSM's membership consists of its remaining founding member organizations and organizations recognized by WOSM as national scout organizations. Only one organization is recognized in each country. If a country has more than one association, they may form a federation for recognition as a WOSM member. The basis for recognition and membership of WOSM includes adherence to its aims and principles and independence from political involvement on the part of each member organization.
Conference
[edit]WOSM's conference is its general meeting of member organizations' representatives which meet every three years, hosted by a member association. Each member organizations may send six delegates. The conference is usually preceded by the World Scout Youth Forum.[12][13]
Date | Number | Location | Country | Member Countries | Host Candidate Countries |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1920 | Retrospectively referred to as the "First International Conference" | London | ![]() |
33 | |
1922 | First International Conference (retrospectively referred to as the "Second")[2] | Paris | ![]() |
30 | |
1924 | Third International Conference | Copenhagen | ![]() |
34 | |
1926 | Fourth International Conference | Kandersteg | ![]() |
29 | |
1929 | Fifth International Conference | Birkenhead | ![]() |
33 | |
1931 | Sixth International Conference | Baden bei Wien | ![]() |
44 | |
1933 | Seventh International Conference | Gödöllő | ![]() |
31 | |
1935 | Eighth International Conference | Stockholm | ![]() |
28 | |
1937 | Ninth International Conference | The Hague | ![]() |
34 | |
1939 | 10th International Conference | Edinburgh | ![]() |
27 | |
1947 | 11th International Conference | Château de Rosny-sur-Seine | ![]() |
32 | |
1949 | 12th International Conference | Elvesæter | ![]() |
25 | |
1951 | 13th International Conference | Salzburg | ![]() |
34 | |
1953 | 14th International Conference | Vaduz | ![]() |
35 | |
1955 | 15th International Conference | Niagara Falls, Ontario | ![]() |
44 | |
1957 | 16th International Conference | Cambridge | ![]() |
52 | |
1959 | 17th International Conference | New Delhi | ![]() |
35 | |
1961 | 18th International Conference | Lisbon | ![]() |
50 | |
1963 | 19th World Scout Conference | Rhodes | ![]() |
52 | |
1965 | 20th World Scout Conference | Mexico City | ![]() |
59 | |
1967 | 21st World Scout Conference | Seattle | ![]() |
70 | |
1969 | 22nd World Scout Conference | Espoo | ![]() |
64 | |
1971 | 23rd World Scout Conference | Tokyo | ![]() |
71 | |
1973 | 24th World Scout Conference | Nairobi | ![]() |
77 | |
1975 | 25th World Scout Conference | Lundtoft | ![]() |
87 | |
1977 | 26th World Scout Conference | Montreal | ![]() |
81 | |
1979 | 27th World Scout Conference | Birmingham | ![]() |
81 | |
1981 | 28th World Scout Conference | Dakar | ![]() |
74 | |
1983 | 29th World Scout Conference | Dearborn | ![]() |
90 | |
1985 | 30th World Scout Conference | Munich | ![]() |
93 | |
1988 | 31st World Scout Conference | Melbourne | ![]() |
77 | |
1990 | 32nd World Scout Conference | Paris | ![]() |
100 | |
1993 | 33rd World Scout Conference | Sattahip | ![]() |
99 | |
1996 | 34th World Scout Conference | Oslo | ![]() |
108 | |
1999 | 35th World Scout Conference | Durban | ![]() |
116 | |
2002 | 36th World Scout Conference | Thessaloniki | ![]() |
125 | |
2005 | 37th World Scout Conference | Hammamet | ![]() |
122 | ![]() |
2008 | 38th World Scout Conference | Jeju-do | ![]() |
150 | |
2011 | 39th World Scout Conference | Curitiba | ![]() |
138 | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
2014 | 40th World Scout Conference | Ljubljana | ![]() |
143 | ![]() |
2017 | 41st World Scout Conference | Baku | ![]() |
169[15] | ![]() |
2021 | 42nd World Scout Conference | Digital | 170[16] | ||
2024 | 43rd World Scout Conference | Cairo | ![]() |
176 | ![]() ![]() |
2027 | 44th World Scout Conference | London | ![]() |
![]() |
Committee
[edit]WOSM's committee is its executive governing body, composed of elected volunteers and its secretary general, which is responsible for the implementation of the resolutions of its conference and governs the organization between meetings of its conference. The committee meets at least twice a year. Its steering committee, consisting of the chairperson, two vice-chairpersons and its youth advisor and secretary general meet as needed.[20]
The committee has 21 members. Twelve, each from a different country, are elected for three-year terms by WOSM's conference. The members, elected without regard to their nationality, represent the interests of the movement as a whole, not those of their country. The Secretary General, the Treasurer of WOSM and a representative member of the board of the World Scout Foundation and the chairpersons of the regional Scout committees are ex-officio members of the committee. From 2008 to 2021 six Youth Advisors to the WSC were elected by the World Scout Youth Forum. The Youth Advisors participated in all of the WSC meetings and were also part of the governing structure between the meetings.[21] There will be no Youth Advisors from 2024.
The 2021-2024 the committee set up work streams to address the top strategic priorities, as defined by WOSM's conference, which at present include:[22]
- Educational Methods
- Boosting Volunteers (Adults in Scouting Project)
- Earth Tribe Coordinating Team
- Gender Mainstreaming Coordination
- Life Skills Initiative
- SCENES Coordination Team
- World Events
- Evolution of its conference
- Innovation of all World Events
- Good Governance
- Growth, Recovery and Resilience - Enabling Capacities for Growth
- GSAT Review and New Partner On-boarding
- Safe from Harm 1 - Compliance Mechanism Build, Pilot and Implementation
- Safe from Harm in World and Regional Events
- Strengthening Consultants Support in Financial Management
- WOSM Consultants 2.0
Task forces include:
- Youth Engagement in Decision-Making
- Sustainability
Workstream Coordination Group
- Project management support
- Volunteer management support
- Monitoring and evaluation support
Standing committees include:
- Audit
- Budget
- Constitutions
- Ethics
- Honours and Awards
- Steering
Current members
[edit]Name | Country | Position | until |
---|---|---|---|
Daniël Corsen | ![]() |
Chairperson | 2027 |
Mori Chi-Kin Cheng | ![]() |
Vice Chairperson | 2027 |
Julius Kramer | ![]() |
Vice Chairperson | 2027 |
Victor Atipagah | ![]() |
Voting member | 2027 |
Elise Drouet | ![]() |
Voting member | 2027 |
Callum Kaye | ![]() |
Voting member | 2027 |
Steve Kent | ![]() |
Voting member | 2027 |
Nour Elhouda Mahmoudi | ![]() |
Voting member | 2027 |
Martin Meier | ![]() |
Voting member | 2027 |
Mohammad Omar | ![]() |
Voting member | 2027 |
Christine Pollithy | ![]() |
Voting member | 2027 |
Sahali Ycossie | ![]() |
Voting member | 2027 |
Rubem Tadeu Cordeiro Perlingeiro | ![]() |
Chair, Interamerican Region | 2025 |
Matthias Gerth | ![]() |
Chair, European Region | 2025 |
Abdullah Mohammad Al-Turaiji | ![]() |
Chair, Arab Region | 2025 |
Maina Kiranga | ![]() |
Chair, African Region | 2025 |
Dale Corvera | ![]() |
Chair, Asia-Pacific Region | 2025 |
Hong Leng Chay | ![]() |
Treasurer | |
Ahmad Alhendawi | ![]() |
Secretary General | |
Jennifer Hancock | ![]() |
World Scout Foundation |
- Note: In 2008, WOSM's conference decided that, starting at the conference in 2011, elected committee members will serve for only three years but be eligible for re-election for one additional term. Due SARS-COV2 (COVID-19) pandemic, WOSM's conference was rescheduled from Aug 2020 to Aug 2021.
Bureau
[edit]WOSM's bureau is its secretariat that carries instructions of its conference and committee. The bureau is administered by the secretary general, supported by a staff of technical resource personnel.[12][23]
A bureau was established in London, England in 1920, moved to Ottawa, Ontario, Canada in 1959, Geneva, Switzerland after 1 May 1968[24] and Kuala Lumpur after August 2013.[25]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/World_Bureau_%28World_Organization_of_the_Scout_Movement%29.svg/140px-World_Bureau_%28World_Organization_of_the_Scout_Movement%29.svg.png)
Directors / secretaries general and deputies
[edit]Title | Years | Name | Country |
---|---|---|---|
Director | 1920–1938 | Hubert S. Martin | ![]() |
Director | 1938–1951 | John Skinner Wilson | ![]() |
Director | 1951–1965 | Daniel Spry | ![]() |
Director | 1965–1968 | Richard T. Lund | ![]() |
Secretary General | 1968–1988 | László Nagy | ![]() |
Secretary General | 1988–2004 | Jacques Moreillon | ![]() |
Deputy Secretary General | 1991–2004 | Malek Gabr | ![]() |
Deputy Secretary General | 1991–2004 | Luc Panissod | ![]() |
Secretary General | 2004–2007 | Eduardo Missoni | ![]() |
Deputy Secretary General | 2004–2007 | Dominique Bénard | ![]() |
Deputy Secretary General | 2004–2007 | Luc Panissod | ![]() |
Secretary General | 2007–2012 | ![]() | |
Secretary General | 2013–2016 | Scott Teare | ![]() |
Secretary General | 2017–incumbent | Ahmad Alhendawi | ![]() |
Kandersteg International Scout Centre
[edit]Kandersteg International Scout Centre in Switzerland, operated by The KISC Association is the only WOSM activity centre.[26]
Programmes
[edit]The Better World Framework combines the Scouts of the World Award, Messengers of Peace and World Scout Environment Programmes as programme initiatives administered by WOSM's bureau. [27]
World Scout Emblem
[edit]WOSM World Scout Emblem | |||
---|---|---|---|
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Owner | World Organization of the Scout Movement | ||
Created | 1955, minor redesign August 2024 | ||
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WOSM's World Scout Emblem is its logo and trademark. It is a purple circular logo with a white fleur-de-lis in the center with a purple five-point star in each outer lobe, surrounded by a circle of white rope tied with a reef or square knot at the base.
Symbolism
[edit]The fleur-de-lis, commonly with a five-point star in each of outer lobe, is a more widely used symbol of the Scout Movement. The fleur-de-lis represents the north point on a map or compass and is intended to point Scouts on the path to service. The three lobes on the fleur-de-lis represent the three parts of the Scout Promise: duty to God, service to others and obedience to the Scout Law.[28] A "bond", tying the three lobes of the fleur-de-lis together, symbolizes the family of Scouting.[29] The two five-point stars stand for truth and knowledge, with the ten points representing the ten points of the Scout Law.
The WOSM emblem adds an encircling rope, tied with a knot at the base, which symbolizes the unity and bond of the Scout Movement[citation needed] and uses purple and white colours. In heraldry, the white of the fleur-de-lis and rope denotes purity and the royal purple denotes leadership and service.[29]
WOSM emblem history
[edit]For the origin of the fleur-de-lis as a more widely used Scout symbol see: Scout Movement.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f9/World_Scout_Emblem_1939-1955.svg/140px-World_Scout_Emblem_1939-1955.svg.png)
From its origin in 1922 until 1939, WOSM did not have its own emblem. In 1939, its director, J. S. Wilson, introduced an international Scout badge, a silver fleur-de-lis on a purple background containing the five continent names in silver framed between two concentric circles. Wearing of the badge was confined to WOSM committee members and bureau staff and their past members. The design became WOSM's logo and a purple flag containing the design followed, the flying of which was restricted to WOSM international Scout gatherings.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/World_Scout_Emblem.png/140px-World_Scout_Emblem.png)
In 1955, WOSM's emblem was redesigned in mid-century minimalist style, dropping the continent names and circles and replacing them with a circle of tied rope in the style of family clan emblems. WOSM called its redesigned logo its "World Scout Emblem". The redesign was introduced at WOSM's 8th World Scout Jamboree by former Boy Scouts of Greece National Commissioner Demetrios Alexatos.[30]
In August 2024, WOSM introduced the current minor redesign of its emblem.
Use by WOSM member organizations
[edit]WOSM's emblem is worn by Scouts and Scouters of several of its member organizations, which determine the manner in which WOSM's emblem is worn.
The Scout Association (United Kingdom)
[edit]The Scout Association refers to WOSM's emblem as its "Membership Award"[29] and uses it as its joining badge for its Beavers, Cubs, Scouts, Explorer Scouts and Scout Network, with progressing requirements intended to help the member understand their commitment to scouting.[31][32][33][34]
Boy Scouts of America
[edit]The Boy Scouts of America (BSA) refers to WOSM's emblem as the World Crest. It may be worn on BSA uniforms as an emblem of worldwide Scouting. BSA first used the badge as an award for Scouts and Scouters who participated in an international Scouting event from early 1956 through 1991 with requirements devised by each council. In 1991, BSA made it part of the uniform for all Scouts and its International Activity Patch replaced the World Scout Crest as an award.[35]
Scouts South Africa
[edit]Scouts South Africa uses the WOSM emblem badge when new members join as a Cub, a Scout or an Adult Leader. The badge is worn on the left front pocket of the uniform, over the heart.[citation needed]
Further reading
[edit]- Wilson, John S. (1959). Scouting Round the World (PDF) (First ed.). Blandford Press. p. 210.
Awards
[edit]Bronze Wolf Award
[edit]WOSM's Bronze Wolf Award is given for exceptional services to world Scouting. It was first awarded to Robert Baden-Powell by a unanimous decision of the committee on the day the award was instituted in 1935.[citation needed]
Scouts of the World Award
[edit]See article:Scouts of the World Award
Recognition of non-national Scouting organizations
[edit]WOSM historically recognized some non-national Scout organization which generally fall into three categories:
- "National" organizations operating outside their original homelands, such as the Russian and Armenian exile groups;[11]
- Small, non-voting associations basically viewed by WOSM as "councils", such as the Boy Scouts of the United Nations and the International Boy Scouts of the Canal Zone[36]
- The less known directly registered "mixed-nationality Troops".
Both the Boy Scouts of United Nations and the International Boy Scouts of the Canal Zone have long since disbanded, and the only remaining directly registered Troop is the International Boy Scouts, Troop 1 located in Yokohama, Japan.[citation needed]
In addition to these three groups a temporary recognition was extended by WOSM's bureau to Scouts in displaced persons camps after World War II. In 1947 at WOSM's 11th conference the "Displaced Persons Division" of WOSM's bureau was established to register and support Scouts in displaced person camps in Austria, Northern Italy, and Germany.[37] These Scouts did not receive the right of WOSM membership but gained recognition as Scouts under WOSM's bureau until they took up residence in a country that had a recognized national Scouting organization, which they then could join.[38] The D.P. Division was closed on 30 June 1950.[39]
WOSM's conference decided to admit and recognise the exile Russian Scout group as the "Representatives of Russian Scouting in Foreign Countries" on 30 August 1922 and the Armenian Scouts in France were recognized as a "National Movement on Foreign Soil" on 30 April 1929.[11]
The Boy Scouts of the United Nations began in 1945, and for years there was an active Boy Scouts of the United Nations with several troops at Parkway Village in New York City, with but 14 members in 1959.[citation needed]
The International Boy Scouts of the Canal Zone, a group in Panama with Scouts that claimed British and not Panamanian nationality was originally placed under the American Scouting overseas of the BSA but, in 1947, was transferred under WOSM's bureau. In 1957 the group had over 900 members and existed as a directly registered group until the late 60s.[citation needed]
The third category in the directly registered groups, the "mixed-nationality troops", were registered after discussions concerning such troops took place at WOSM's 3rd conference of 1924[40] at which WOSM's bureau was authorized to directly register such groups. It seems that the discussion at WOSM's 1924 conference was, at least in part, prompted by a letter to Baden-Powell from the Scoutmaster of one such troop in Yokohama, Japan.[41] Janning's troop became the first troop directly registered by WOSM's bureau.[42] Only a few troops were directly registered as soon the practice was discontinued and new "mixed" groups were encouraged to join the National Scout Association of their country of residence. In 1955 only two such groups were still active, a troop in Iraq that disbanded that year,[43] and the first group to be registered, the International Troop 1 in Yokohama.[44] The international troop in Yokohama is the only remaining active troop of the small group of the originally directly registered mixed-nationality troops.[45]
Inter-religious forum
[edit]WOSM's Inter-religious Forum of World Scouting serves as a working-group for eight main religious groups:[46]
- CPGS – Council of Protestants in Guiding and Scouting
- DESMOS – International Link of Orthodox Christian Scouts
- ICCS – International Catholic Conference of Scouting
- IFJS – International Forum of Jewish Scouts
- IUMS – International Union of Muslim Scouts
- WBSB – World Buddhist Scout Brotherhood
- The Church of the Latter Day Saints
Publications
[edit]Publications of WOSM include:
- Scouting 'Round the World: a book updated every three years with details on all WOSM member organizations;
- WorldInfo Archived 11 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine: a monthly circular distributed in electronic format with the help of Scoutnet.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c "Constitution of the World Organization of the Scout Movement" (PDF). World Organization of the Scout Movement. January 2011. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
- ^ a b c d e Colquhoun, OBE, John Frederick (1954). Running a Scout Group. London: The Boy Scouts Association. p. 198.
the first International Conference was held in Paris in '1922', when Great Britain became one of the founder-members of the world organization.
- ^ a b "Scouting in Albania joins as the 176th Member Organization of World Scouting | World Scouting". Scout.org. 16 August 2024. Archived from the original on 17 August 2024.
- ^ "Association des Scouts et Guides du Mali joins as 175th Member of World Scouting". World Organization of the Scout Movement. 9 June 2024.
- ^ a b "Final WOSM Census 2022" (PDF). 31 May 2022.
- ^ a b "Next Secretary General – World Organization of the Scout Movement". scout.org. Archived from the original on 16 November 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
- ^ a b "Alhendawi announces departure – Office of the Secretary-General's Envoy on Youth". United Nations. Archived from the original on 4 November 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
- ^ "Mission". World Organization of the Scout Movement. 2017. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
- ^ "The Mission of Scouting". World Organization of the Scout Movement. 2007. Archived from the original on 29 June 2009. Retrieved 30 May 2007.
- ^ "WOSM and the UN". World Organization of the Scout Movement. 2016. Archived from the original on 21 June 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
- ^ a b c Kroonenberg, Piet J. (March 2004). "Chapter 2: International Scouting: Refugees, Displaced Persons and Exile Scouting". The Undaunted (Integral Internet Edition, November 2011 ed.). Las Vegas International Scouting Museum. ISBN 9780974647906. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2016.
- ^ a b "World Scouting". WOSM World Scouting. Archived from the original on 24 December 2005. Retrieved 2 February 2006.
- ^ "Laszlo Nagy (1921–2009) / Secretary General / World Bureau / Governance / Our Organisation / Home – World Organization of the Scout Movement". Archived from the original on 26 September 2009.
- ^ "Moot 'Down Under'". The Daily News. St. John's, Newfoundland. 9 February 1960. p. 9. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 3 September 2019 – via NewspaperArchive.com.
- ^ "World Scouting Welcomes the Iraq Scout Association". World Scouting. Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
- ^ "Opening of the 42nd World Scout Conference". 25 August 2021. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021 – via YouTube.
- ^ "World Scout Conference declares Egypt the host for the next event in 2024". World Organization of the Scout Movement. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2021.
- ^ "Scouts - World Scout Conference 2027". Scouts.org.uk. Archived from the original on 31 March 2024.
- ^ Rwanda Scouts Association [@RwandaScouts] (23 April 2024). "🌟 Exciting news! 🌟 @RwandaScouts Association has been nominated as an "Official Bidder" to host the 44th World Scout Conference(2027)! 🎉 ..." (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ "World Scout Committee". WOSM World Scouting. Archived from the original on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
- ^ "Dates of the 43rd World Scout Conference in Cairo, Egypt". Scout.org. World Scout Bureau. 8 November 2022.
- ^ "Annex 1: 2021-2024 Operational Framework" (PDF). World Organization of the Scout Movement. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- ^ "World Scout Bureau fact sheet". WOSM World Scouting. Archived from the original on 24 May 2009. Retrieved 2 February 2006.
- ^ "History and Location". WOSM World Scout Bureau. Archived from the original on 6 August 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
- ^ "World Scout Bureau - Relocation of Central Office" (PDF). WOSM Circular N° 20/2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 September 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
- ^ "World Scout Centre - World Scouting". www.scout.org.
- ^ "Launched: World Scouting-UNESCO World Heritage Recognition Initiative, Messengers of Peace Programme at the 23rd World Scout Jamboree" (PDF). WOSM. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
- ^ "The World Membership Badge" (PDF). The Scout Association. 16 May 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
- ^ a b c "The Scouts Membership Award". The Scout Association. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
- ^ Wilson, John S. (1959). Scouting Round the World (1st ed.). Blandford Press. p. 268.
- ^ "Beaver Scout Badges: The Beaver Scout Membership Award". The Scout Association. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
- ^ "Cub Scout Badges: The Cub Scout Membership Award". The Scout Association. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
- ^ "Scout Badges: The Scout Membership Award". The Scout Association. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
- ^ "Explorer Scout Badges: The Explorer Scout Membership Award". The Scout Association. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
- ^ Walton, Mike (1999). "The World Crest Badge...(and why do we *all* wear it?)". Retrieved 21 December 2006.
- ^ Wilson, John S. (1959). "The International Bureau Goes on the Road". Scouting Round the World (first ed.). London: Blandford Press. p. 134.
At Balboa we met up with Gunnar Berg and Ray Wyland of the B.S.A., also on their way to Bogota, and had a conference about the question of coloured Scouts in the Canal Zone, who claim British and not Panamanian nationality. It was agreed that they should be taken under the wing of the Canal Zone Council of the Boy Scouts of America, but ten years later they were transferred directly under WOSM's bureau as the International Boy Scouts of the Canal Zone.
- ^ Kroonenberg, Piet J. (1998). The Undaunted – The Survival and Revival of Scouting in Central and Eastern Europe. Geneva: Oriole International Publications. pp. 42–43. ISBN 2-88052-003-7.
- ^ Kroonenberg, Piet J. (1998). The Undaunted – The Survival and Revival of Scouting in Central and Eastern Europe. Geneva: Oriole International Publications. pp. 43–46. ISBN 2-88052-003-7.
- ^ Kroonenberg, Piet J. (1998). The Undaunted – The Survival and Revival of Scouting in Central and Eastern Europe. Geneva: Oriole International Publications. pp. 45–46. ISBN 2-88052-003-7.
- ^ Wilson, J. S. (1948). "Historical Documents - Letter from BSIB Deputy Director". International Boy Scouts. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
- ^ Janning, Jos. (1967). "Historical Documents - Letter from IBS Scoutmaster". International Boy Scouts. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
- ^ Lund, R.T. (1955). "Historical Documents - Letter from BSIB Deputy Director". International Boy Scouts. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
- ^ Lund, R.T. (1950). "Historical Documents - Letter from BSIB Deputy Director". International Boy Scouts. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
- ^ Kentropp, Keith E. (1972). "Historical Documents - Letter from BSIS". International Boy Scouts. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
- ^ Lund, R.T. (1956). "Historical Documents - Letter from BSIB Deputy Director". International Boy Scouts. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
- ^ "Inter-religious Forum of World Scouting". scout.org. Archived from the original on 20 July 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
Further reading
[edit]- Facts on World Scouting, Boy Scouts International Bureau, Ottawa, Canada, 1961
- Laszlo Nagy, 250 Million Scouts, The World Scout Foundation and Dartnell Publishers, 1985
- Eduard Vallory, "World Scouting: Educating for Global Citizenship", Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2012
External links
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)