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Samurai-dokoro

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The Samurai-dokoro (侍所 - Board of Retainers) was an office of the Kamakura and Muromachi shogunates. The role of the Samurai-dokoro was to take the leadership of gokenin, the shogun's retainers, and to be in charge of the imprisonment of criminals. It was established in 1180 by Minamoto no Yoritomo, the founder of the Kamakura shogunate.[1]

History

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Kamakura period

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During the Kamakura period, the Samurai-dokoro was in charge of calling in and directing the gokenin, the shogun's retainers. It was also in charge of the imprisonment of criminals.

The office was administered by officials called shoshi or samuraidokoro-no-tsukasa, who were made up from the most powerful gokenin. The most senior of the officials, the president of the Samurai-dokoro, was called bettō. The office was established by Minamoto no Yoritomo in 1180, who appointed Wada Yoshimori its first bettō. However, after Yoshimori was killed during the Wada Rebellion, the shikken (regent of the shogunate) took over the post of bettō.

In the Engyobon Heike Monogatari, the Samurai-dokoro was established upon the request of Wada Yoshimori, and it was modeled after the Taira government period office called samurai bettō that Fujiwara no Tadakiyo was appointed to rule over the samurai of the eight provinces of Bandō (present-day Kantō region). If this is true, the Samurai-dokoro was not modeled after the household agency of noble families that shares the same name.

As Yoritomo's position rose, the Samurai-dokoro began to also take on the role of a domestic administration institution. In the Kenkyū era, Wada Yoshimori, the bettō, was in charge of military affairs in general as well as domestic administration, and Kajiwara Kagetoki, a shoshi, was in charge of directing the gokenin, the basis of the Kamakura shogunate.[2]

Muromachi period

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Under the Muromachi shogunate, the Samurai-dokoro was led by a tōnin or shoshi, who was assisted by a shoshi-dai. Bugyōnin was in charge of administrative paperwork, and there were junior officers, kodoneri, zōshiki, and others. Additionally, kaikō took on the duties of a clerk, metsuke worked as an inspector, and yoriudo took on the duties of an investigator, among other officials.

The Samurai-dokoro was largely dependent on the military power of the daimyo, and in reality the shoshi-dai, a high-ranking retainer of the shoshi, was in charge of the Samurai-dokoro. During events like the Tsuchi-ikki peasant uprising, a powerful military was required to suppress the chaotic situation, and in such cases the Samurai-dokoro asked help from the daimyo and the kenmon (powerful families).[3]

Between the late Muromachi period and the Sengoku period, shoshi and shoshi-dai were no longer appointed, and the kaikō was in turn charge of the Samurai-dokoro. The shogunate bugyōnin was appointed this post and was either from the Matsuda clan or the Īno'o clan. The kaikō was required to stay in Kyoto and be in charge of Kyoto's public security and the management of prisons, and also served as an advisor to the shogun and other kenmon on judgements. Additionally, after mid-Muromachi period, the kaikō formed its own military by recruiting local Kyoto jizamurai and skilled vagrants. After the Ōnin War (1467-77), the military power of the shoshi weakened, and the kaikō's hikan and the officials of another Samurai-dokoro took over the public security. Additionally, the military power of the kaikō directly played a part in the military power of the Ashikaga shoguns, and according to the records at the time, the kaikō could mobilize an estimated 200 to 300 men.[3]

Bettō

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Name Term
Wada Yoshimori 1180 - 119?
Ōtomo Yoshinao (acting) 1194
Kajiwara Kagetoki 119? - 1199
Wada Yoshimori 1200 - 1213
Hōjō Yoshitoki 1213 - 1224
Hōjō Yasutoki 1224 - 1242
Hōjō Tsunetoki 1242 - 1246
Hōjō Tokiyori 1246 - 1256
Hōjō Nagatoki 1256 - 1264
Hōjō Masamura 1264 - 1268
Hōjō Tokimune 1268 - 1284
Hōjō Sadatoki 1284 - 1301
Hōjō Morotoki 1301 - 1311
Hōjō Munenobu 1311 - 1312
Hōjō Hirotoki 1312 - 1315
Hōjō Mototoki 1315 - 1316
Hōjō Takatoki 1316 - 1326
Hōjō Sadaaki 1326
Hōjō Moritoki 1326 - 1333
Hōjō Sadayuki 1333

Tōnin

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Name Term
Miura Sadatsura 1336
Sasaki Nakachika 1336
Kō no Moroyasu 1336
Miura Takatsugu 1337
Minami Munetsugu 1338 - 1339
Hosokawa Kazuuji 1340
Hosokawa Akiuji 1340 - 1344
Niki Yoshinaga 1344
Yamana Tokiuji 1345
Hosokawa Akiuji 1346
Niki Yoriaki 1350
Hosokawa Yoriharu 1352
Kyōgoku Hidetsuna 1352
Toki Yoriyasu 1353 - 1354
Satake Yoshiatsu 1354 - 1357
Kyōgoku Takahide 1357 - 1363
Toki Naouji 1364 - 1365
Shiba Yoshitane 1365 - 1366
Niki Yorinatsu 1366
Imagawa Sadayo 1366 - 1367
Imagawa Kuniyasu 1368
Toki Yasuyuki 1369
Kyōgoku Takahide 1370 - 1372
Toki Yoshiyuki 1373
Imagawa Kuniyasu 1373
Hosokawa Yorimoto 1373 - 1375
Yamana Tokiyoshi 1375
Hatakeyama Motokuni 1376
Yamana Ujikiyo 1377
Imagawa Yasunori 1378
Yamana Yoshiyuki 1378 - 1379
Toki Akinao 1380
Isshiki Akinori 1381 - 1383
Yamana Tokiyoshi 1384 - 1385
Toki Mitsusada 1385
Yamana Tokiyoshi 1386
Akamatsu Yoshinori 1388
Toki Yorimasu 1388 - 1389
Akamatsu Yoshinori 1389 - 1391
Hatakeyama Motokuni 1392 - 1394
Kyōgoku Takanori 1394 - 1398
Akamatsu Yoshinori 1399 - 1402
Toki Yorimasu 1403 - 1403
Kyōgoku 1403
Isshiki 1405 - 1406
Akamatsu Yoshinori 1406 - 1408
Kyōgoku Takamitsu 1409
Akamatsu Mitsusuke 1411 - 1413
Yamana Tokihiro 1414
Isshiki Yoshitsura 1414 - 1421
Kyōgoku Takakazu 1421 - 1428
Akamatsu Mitsusuke 1428 - 1432
Isshiki Yoshitsura 1432 - 1436
Akamatsu Mitsusuke 1438
Toki Mochimasu 1439
Yamana Mochitoyo 1440 - 1441
Kyōgoku Mochikiyo 1441 - 1447
Isshiki Norichika 1447 - 1449
Kyōgoku Mochikiyo 1449 - 1466
Akamatsu Masanori 1471 - 1483
Kyōgoku Kimune 1485

References

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  1. ^ Lu, David (1997). Japan: A Documentary History. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. p. 108. ISBN 1-56324-906-5.
  2. ^ Motoki, Yasuo (2020). Nihon chūsei no seiji to seido. 元木泰雄. Yoshikawa Kōbunkan. pp. 263–277. ISBN 978-4-642-02966-7. OCLC 1220856942.
  3. ^ a b Kinoshita, Masaki; 木下昌規 (2014). Sengokuki Ashikaga Shōgun-ke no kenryoku kōzō. Iwata Shoin. pp. 137–159. ISBN 978-4-87294-875-2. OCLC 894192668.