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Cryptomeria

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Sugi" redirects here. For other uses, see Sugi (disambiguation) and Cryptomeria (disambiguation).

Cryptomeria
Plate from "Flora Japonica" by Philipp Franz von Siebold and Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Gymnospermae
Division: Pinophyta
Class: Pinopsida
Order: Cupressales
Family: Cupressaceae
Subfamily: Taxodioideae
Genus: Cryptomeria
D.Don
Species:
C. japonica
Binomial name
Cryptomeria japonica
Synonyms
Synonyms list
    • Cryptomeria araucarioides Henkel & W.Hochst.
    • Cryptomeria compacta Beissn.
    • Cryptomeria elegans Jacob-Makoy
    • Cryptomeria fortunei Hooibr. ex Billain
    • Cryptomeria generalis E.H.L.Krause
    • Cryptomeria kawaii Hayata
    • Cryptomeria lobbiana Billain
    • Cryptomeria lobbii (Carrière) Lavallée
    • Cryptomeria mairei (H.Lév.) Nakai
    • Cryptomeria mucronata Beissn.
    • Cryptomeria nana Lindl. & Gordon
    • Cryptomeria nigricans Carrière
    • Cryptomeria pungens Beissn.
    • Cryptomeria variegata Beissn.
    • Cryptomeria viridis Beissn.
    • Cupressus japonica Thunb. ex L.f.
    • Cupressus mairei H.Lév.
    • Schubertia japonica (Thunb. ex L.f.) Jacques
    • Schubertia japonicum (Thunb. ex L. f.) Brongn.
    • Taxodium japonicum (Thunb. ex L.f.) Brongn.

Cryptomeria (literally "hidden parts") is a monotypic genus of conifer in the cypress family Cupressaceae. It includes only one species, Cryptomeria japonica (syn. Cupressus japonica L.f.). It used to be considered by some to be endemic to Japan, where it is known as Sugi (杉).[2] The tree is called Japanese cedar[3] or Japanese redwood[4][5] in English. It has been extensively introduced and cultivated for wood production on the Azores.

Cone and seed

Description

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Cryptomeria japonica: (left) shoot with mature cones and immature male cones at top; (centre) adult foliage shoot; (right) juvenile foliage shoot

Cryptomeria is a very large evergreen tree, reaching up to 70 m (230 ft) tall and 4 m (13 ft) trunk diameter, with red-brown bark which peels in vertical strips. The leaves are arranged spirally, needle-like, 0.5–1 cm (1⁄4–3⁄8 in) long; and the seed cones globular, 1–2 cm (1⁄2–3⁄4 in) diameter with about 20–40 scales. It is superficially similar to the related giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), from which it can be differentiated by the longer leaves (under 0.5 cm or 1⁄4 in in the giant sequoia) and smaller cones (4–6 cm or 1+1⁄2–2+1⁄4 in in the giant sequoia), and the harder bark on the trunk (thick, soft and spongy in giant sequoia).[citation needed]

Endemism

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Sugi has been cultivated in China for so long that it is frequently thought to be native there. Forms selected for ornament and timber production long ago in China have been described as a distinct variety Cryptomeria japonica var. sinensis (or even a distinct species, Cryptomeria fortunei), but they do not differ from the full range of variation found in the wild in Japan, and there is no definite evidence the species ever occurred wild in China. Genetic analysis of the most famous Chinese population, on Tianmu Mountain, containing trees estimated to be nearly 1000 years old, supports the hypothesis that the population originates from an introduction.[6]

Outside of its native range, Cryptomeria was also introduced to the Azores in the mid 19th century for wood production. It is currently the most cultivated species in the archipelago, occupying over 12,698 hectares, 60% of the production forest and about 1/5 of the region's total land area.[7][8]

Biology

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Cryptomeria grows in forests on deep, well-drained soils subject to warm, moist conditions, and it is fast-growing under these conditions. It is intolerant of poor soils and cold, drier climates.[9]

It is used as a food plant by the larvae of some moths of the genus Endoclita including E. auratus, E. punctimargo and E. undulifer. Sugi (and hinoki) pollen is a major cause of hay fever in Japan.[citation needed]

Fossil record

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The earliest fossil record of Cryptomeria are descriptions based on vegetative organs of †Cryptomeria kamtschatica of the Late Eocene from Kamchatka, Russia and †Cryptomeria protojaponica and †Cryptomeria sichotensis from the Oligocene of Primorye, Russia. Several fossil leafy shots of †Cryptomeria yunnanensis have been described from Rupelian stage strata of the Lühe Basin in Yunnan, China.[10]

From the Neogene, Cryptomeria is well represented as seed cones, leafy shoots and wood in the fossil records of Europe and Japan. †Cryptomeria rhenana was described from the early Late Miocene to the Late Miocene of Rhein in Morsbach, Germany, from the Early and Middle Pliocene of Northern Italy, to the Middle Pliocene of Dunarobba, Italy and to the Early Pleistocene of Umbria, Italy. † Cryptomeria anglica was described from the Late Miocene of La Cerdana, Spain, to the Late Middle Miocene of Brjánslækur, Iceland and from the Late Miocene to the early Pliocene Brassington Formation of Derbyshire, England. †Cryptomeria miyataensis was described from the Late Miocene of Akita, Japan. Cryptomeria japonica was described from the Late Miocene of Georgia and from the Pliocene of Duab, Abkhazia. It has also been described from the Pliocene of Honshu, Japan, Late Pliocene of Osaka, Japan and from the Pleistocene of Kyushu, Japan.[11]

Cultivation

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Timber

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Plank cut from Cryptomeria japonica

Cryptomeria japonica timber is extremely fragrant, weather and insect resistant, soft, and with a low density. The timber is used for the making of staves, tubs, casks, furniture and other indoor applications. Easy to saw and season, it is favoured for light construction, boxes, veneers and plywood. Wood that has been buried turns dark green and is much valued. Resin from the tree contains cryptopimaric and phenolic acid.[12]

The wood is pleasantly scented, reddish-pink in colour, lightweight but strong, waterproof and resistant to decay. It is favoured in Japan for all types of construction work as well as interior panelling, etc. In Darjeeling district and Sikkim in India, where it is one of the most widely growing trees, C. japonica is called Dhuppi and is favoured for its light wood, extensively used in house building.[citation needed]

In Japan, the coppicing method of daisugi (台杉) is sometimes used to harvest logs.[13]

Mechanical properties

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In dry air conditions, the initial density of Japanese cedar timber has been determined to be about 300–420 kg/m3.[14] It displays a Young's modulus of 8017 MPa, 753 MPa and 275 MPa in the longitudinal, radial and tangential direction in relation to the wood fibers.[14]

Ornamental

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Cryptomeria japonica is extensively used in forestry plantations in Japan, China and the Azores islands, and is widely cultivated as an ornamental tree in other temperate areas, including Britain, Europe, North America and eastern Himalaya regions of Nepal and India.[citation needed]

The cultivar 'Elegans' is notable for retaining juvenile foliage throughout its life, instead of developing normal adult foliage when one year old (see the picture with different shoots). It makes a small, shrubby tree 5–10 m (16–33 ft) tall. There are numerous dwarf cultivars that are widely used in rock gardens and for bonsai, including 'Tansu', 'Koshyi', 'Little Diamond', 'Yokohama' and 'Kilmacurragh.'[citation needed]

The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2017):[15]

  • C. japonica 'Bandai-sugi'[16]
  • C. japonica 'Elegans Compacta'[17]
  • C. japonica 'Elegans Viridis'[18]
  • C. japonica 'Globosa Nana'[19]
  • C. japonica 'Golden Promise'[20]
  • C. japonica 'Sekkan-sugi'[21]
  • Cryptomeria japonica 'Spiralis' [22]
  • C. japonica 'Vilmoriniana'[23]

Symbolism

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Sugi is commonly planted around temples and shrines, with many hugely impressive trees planted centuries ago.[24] Sargent (1894; The Forest Flora of Japan) recorded the instance of a daimyō (feudal lord) who was too poor to donate a stone lantern at the funeral of the shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543–1616) at Nikkō Tōshō-gū, but requested instead to be allowed to plant an avenue of sugi, so that "future visitors might be protected from the heat of the sun". The offer was accepted; the Cedar Avenue of Nikkō, which still exists, is over 65 km (40 mi) long, and "has not its equal in stately grandeur".[25]

Jōmon Sugi (縄文杉) is a large cryptomeria tree located on Yakushima, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, in Japan. It is the oldest and largest among the old-growth cryptomeria trees on the island, and is estimated to be between 2,170[26] and 7,200 years old.[27][28]

Cryptomeria are often described and referred to in Japanese literature. For instance, cryptomeria forests and their workers, located on the mountains north of Kyoto, are featured in Yasunari Kawabata's famous book The Old Capital.[citation needed]

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Thomas, P.; Katsuki, T.; Farjon, A. (2013). "Cryptomeria japonica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T39149A2886821. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T39149A2886821.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ This kanji for used for sugi is the same as used for the hanzi for shan, which is used for other species, for instance, shui shan, water fir, Metasequoia glyptostroboides.
  3. ^ NRCS. "Cryptomeria japonica". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 17 January 2016.
  4. ^ "Japanese cedar tree". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  5. ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  6. ^ Chen, Y.; Yang, S. Z.; Zhao, M. S.; Ni, B. Y.; Liu, L.; Chen, X. Y. (2008). "Demographic Genetic Structure of Cryptomeria japonica var. sinensis in Tianmushan Nature Reserve, China". Journal of Integrative Plant Biology. 50 (9): 1171–1177. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00725.x. PMID 18924282.
  7. ^ "Criptomeria (Cryptomeria japonica)". Almanaque Açoriano. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  8. ^ "Azorean Criptomeria - Cryptomeria japonica D. Don". drrf-sraa.azores.gov.pt. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  9. ^ Fu, Liguo; Yu, Yong-fu; Mill, Robert R. "Cryptomeria". Flora of China. Vol. 4 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  10. ^ Wen-Na Ding; Lutz Kunzmann; Tao Su; Jian Huang; Zhe-Kun Zhou (2018). "A new fossil species of Cryptomeria (Cupressaceae) from the Rupelian of the Lühe Basin, Yunnan, East Asia: Implications for palaeobiogeography and palaeoecology". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 248: 41–51. Bibcode:2018RPaPa.248...41D. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2017.09.003.
  11. ^ Ding, Wen-Na; Kunzmannd, Lutz; Su, Tao; Huang, Jian; Zhou, Zhe-Kun (January 2018). "A new fossil species of Cryptomeria (Cupressaceae) from the Rupelian of the Lühe Basin, Yunnan, East Asia: Implications for palaeobiogeography and palaeoecology". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 248: 41–51. Bibcode:2018RPaPa.248...41D. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2017.09.003.
  12. ^ "Cryptomeria jponica" (PDF). World Agroforestry Centre. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
  13. ^ Nōrinshō, S (1926). Forestry of the "Sugi" (Cryptomeria Japonica, Don) and the "Karamatsu" (Larix Leptolepis Gord). Department of Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. p. 27.
  14. ^ a b B. Anshari; Z.W. Guan; A. Kitamori; K. Jung; I. Hassel; K. Komatsub (2010). "Mechanical and moisture-dependent swelling properties of compressed Japanese cedar". Construction and Building Materials. 25 (4): 1718–1725. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.11.095.
  15. ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 25. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  16. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cryptomeria japonica 'Bandai-sugi'". Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  17. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cryptomeria japonica 'Elegans Compacta'". Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  18. ^ "Cryptomeria japonica 'Elegans Viridis'". RHS. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  19. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cryptomeria japonica 'Globosa Nana'". Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  20. ^ "Cryptomeria japonica 'Golden Promise'". RHS. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  21. ^ "Cryptomeria japonica 'Sekkan-sugi'". RHS. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  22. ^ "Cryptomeria japonica 'Spiralis'". RHS. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  23. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Cryptomeria japonica 'Vilmoriniana'". Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  24. ^ Wilson, Ernest Henry (30 December 1916). The Conifers and Taxads of Japan. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. pp. 66–71. ISBN 978-1-169-72192-0.
  25. ^ Sargent, Charles Sprague (1893). "Notes on the Forest Flora of Japan". Garden and Forest. 6 (296): 442–443.
  26. ^ "Vandals damage Japan's World Heritage tree". UPI NewsTrack. 2005-05-25. Retrieved 2008-08-25.
  27. ^ English, Andrew (2006-04-15). "Hydrogen island". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2013-04-21. Retrieved 2008-08-25.
  28. ^ Yamaguchi, H.; Nishio, S. (1995). "Water surrounding Jomon-sugi, a mysterious cedar tree growing in Yakushima Island for 7200 years". Journal of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers (in Japanese). 80: 86–89. ISSN 0021-468X.

Further reading

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  • Cryptomeria anglica, Boulter and Chaloner, 1968; a fossil species from Pliocene deposits in Derbyshire, England.
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